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Smagghe. \"Lethal and Sublethal Side-Effect Assessment Supports a More Benign Profile of Spinetoram Compared with Spinosad in the Bumblebee Bombus Terrestris.\" Pest Management Science 67, no. 5 (2011): 541-47.","reference_year":"2011","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Spinetoram"},{"pesticide_name":"Terbuthylazine","cas":"5915-41-3","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC C1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC C1","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"22.6","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"32","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Terbuthylazine"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.5","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Variations in hypopharyngeal glands (HPG) size (acinus diameter)","original_reference":"Smodis Skerl MIS and Gregorc A, 2010. Heat shock proteins and cell death in situ localisation in hypopharyngeal glands of honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica) workers after imidacloprid or coumaphos treatment. Apidologie, 41, 73-86.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Indoxacarb","cas":"173584-44-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 22","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 22A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.232","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.08","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"44","loael_unit_measure":"g/ha","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction in honeybee activity","original_reference":"Pashte, V. V., and C. S. Patil. 2017. “Impact of Different Insecticides on the Activity of Bees on Sunflower.” Res Crops2017 18 (1): 153–6.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Indoxacarb"},{"pesticide_name":"Lambda-cyhalothrin","cas":"91465-08-06","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.91","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.038","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"3.75","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1176","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Incoordination, convulsion, gradually become apathetic, 49% decrease of nest reproduction, 36% reduction in sugar water consumption","original_reference":"Ceuppens, B., M. Eeraerts, T. Vleugels, G. Cnops, I. Roldan-Ruiz, and G. Smagghe. \"Effects of Dietary Lambda-Cyhalothrin Exposure on Bumblebee Survival, Reproduction, and Foraging Behavior in Laboratory and Greenhouse.\" Journal of Pest Science 88, no. 4 (Dec 2015): 777-83.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Lambda-cyhalothrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Aloclor 1254)","cas":"1336-36-3","pesticide_type":"NA","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"100","loael_unit_measure":"ng/ml","loael_ug_bee":"0.00000013","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of the frequency and time engaged in honeybee motor activity, hyperactivity (day 1 and more), abdominal spasms and increased grooming behaviours (after 4 days of exposure)","original_reference":"Drummond, J., S. M. Williamson, A. E. Fitchett, G. A. Wright, and S. J. 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Decourtye, M. Henry, G. Rodet, J. C. Sandoz, P. Charnet, and C. Collet. \"A Locomotor Deficit Induced by Sublethal Doses of Pyrethroid and Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Honeybee Apis Mellifera.\" PLoS One 10, no. 12 (Dec 2015): e0144879.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Tau-fluvalinate"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"24","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decreased foraging activity on the food source and on the hive entrance; reduction of sucrose consumption and brood size","original_reference":"Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Charreton, and M. H. Pham-Delegue. \"Effects of Imidacloprid and Deltamethrin on Associative Learning in Honeybees under Semi-Field and Laboratory Conditions.\" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 57, no. 3 (Mar 2004): 410-9.","reference_year":"2004","review_reference":"Blacquiere, T., G. Smagghe, C. A. M. van Gestel, and V. Mommaerts. \"Neonicotinoids in Bees: A Review on Concentrations, Side-Effects and Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 21, no. 4 (May 2012): 973-92.","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"100","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of syrup consumption","original_reference":"Meikle, W. G., J. J. Adamczyk, M. Weiss, and A. 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Gregorc and I. D. Bowen 2000 Histochemical characterization of cell death in honeybee larvae midgut after treatment with Paenibacillus larvae, Amitraz and Oxytetracycline Cell Biology International","reference_year":"2000","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Amitraz"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"192","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase in water consumption, impairment in climbing ability, down-regulation of muscle-related genes (22 genes)","original_reference":"Wu, Y. Y., Q. H. Luo, C. S. Hou, Q. Wang, P. L. Dai, J. Gao, Y. J. Liu, and Q. Y. Diao. \"Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on Targeting Muscle and Ribosomal Protein Related Genes in the Honey Bee Apis Mellifera L.\" Scientific Reports 7 (Nov 2017).","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Iprodione","cas":"36734-19-7","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC E","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 2 (E3)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"2.2","loael_unit_measure":"kg/ha","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"168","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Osmia and Megachile","species":"Multiple non-Apis","species_details":"Osmia lignaria, Megachile rotundata","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Pollen-collecting trip time increased for Osmia lignaria and decreased for Megachile rotundata","original_reference":"Artz, D. R., and T. L. Pitts-Singer. \"Effects of Fungicide and Adjuvant Sprays on Nesting Behavior in Two Managed Solitary Bees, Osmia Lignaria and Megachile Rotundata.\" Plos One 10, no. 8 (Aug 2015).","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Iprodione"},{"pesticide_name":"Lindane (BHC-gamma)","cas":"58-89-9","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.011","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.23","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"2.91","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"96","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of the frequency of grooming, leg extensions and abdominal spasms; slight decrease of the frequency of being still","original_reference":"Drummond, J., S. M. Williamson, A. E. Fitchett, G. A. Wright, and S. J. Judge. \"Spontaneous Honeybee Behaviour Is Altered by Persistent Organic Pollutants.\" Ecotoxicology 26, no. 1 (Jan 2017): 141-50.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Lindane-(BHC-gamma)"},{"pesticide_name":"Potasan","cas":"299-45-6","pesticide_type":"NA","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Potasan"},{"pesticide_name":"Deltamethrin","cas":"52918-63-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.079","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.1","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Megachile","species":"Megachile rotundata","species_details":"Megachile rotundata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Less than 40 % of the larvae could not reach the final stage (40% when fed 1 mg/kg). Surviving larvae which completed their cocoon developed less rapidly than the control.","original_reference":"Tasei JN, Carre S, Moscatelli B and Grondeau C, 1988. Recherche de la D.L. 50 de la deltamethrine (Decis) chez Megachile rotundata F. Abeille pollinistatrice de la luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) et des effets de doses infralethales sur les adultes et les larves. Apidologie, 19, 291-306.","reference_year":"1988","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Deltamethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Dimethoate","cas":"60-51-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.313","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"48","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced number of potentially viable pupae","original_reference":"Davis, A. R., and R. W. Shuel. 1988. \"Laboratory studies of honeybee larval growth and development as affected by systemic insecticides at adult-sublethal levels.\"  Journal of Apicultural Research 27 (3):146-161. doi: 10.1080/00218839.1988.11100795.","reference_year":"1988","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Dimethoate"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenpropathrin","cas":"39515-41-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.05","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.5","loael_unit_measure":"μL/bee","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Expression of Nmdar1 decrease and higher expression level of GluRA","original_reference":"Liao, C. H., J. Wu, Z. L. Wang, Z. J. Zeng, and X. B. Wu. \"Effect of Fenpropathrin on the Viability and Homing Ability of Worker Bees Apis Mellifera.\" Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20, no. 4 (Dec 2017): 1063-66.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fenpropathrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.00001","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00001","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.001694915","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"288","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"More water ingestion, no discrimination between known and unknown odorant. Thus affected bees behaviour: immobility","original_reference":"Aliouane, Y., A. K. El Hassani, V. Gary, C. Armengaud, M. Lambin, and M. Gauthier. \"Subchronic Exposure of Honeybees to Sublethal Doses of Pesticides: Effects on Behavior.\" Environ Toxicol Chem 28, no. 1 (Jan 2009): 113-22.","reference_year":"2009","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0005","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0005","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.084745763","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Impairment of olfactory learning and decrease of sucrose sensitivity (1 ng/bee)","original_reference":"El Hassani AK, Dacher M, Gauthier M and Armengaud C, 2005. Effects of sublethal doses of fipronil on the behavior of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 82(1), 30-39.","reference_year":"2005","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Triazophos","cas":"24017-47-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"59.8","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"6","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis dorsata","species_details":"Apis dorsata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of AChE activity","original_reference":"Rathee, N., Kanchesh, S. Deswal, and K. S. Nehra. 2015. \"Effect of some insecticides on acetylcholinesterase activity of giant honey bee (Apis dorsata F.).\"  Annals of Biology 31 (1):113-116.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Triazophos"},{"pesticide_name":"Dichlorvos (DDVP)","cas":"62-73-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.29","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Dichlorvos-(DDVP)"},{"pesticide_name":"Imazosulfuron","cas":"122548-33-8","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC B","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC B","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"41.6","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imazosulfuron"},{"pesticide_name":"Methoprene","cas":"40596-69-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 7","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 7A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"250","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"250","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Early degeneration of hypopharangeal gland, precocious foraging","original_reference":"Robinson, G.E. (1985). Effects of a juvenile hormone analogue on honey bee foraging behaviour and alarm pheromone production. J. Insect Physiol. QI, 277±82.","reference_year":"1985","review_reference":"Thompson, Helen M. \"Behavioural Effects of Pesticides in Bees - Their Potential for Use in Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 12, no. 1/4 (Feb-Aug 2003): 317-30.","pesticide_id":"Methoprene"},{"pesticide_name":"Cispermethrin","cas":"54774-46-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cispermethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos-ethyl)","cas":"2921-88-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.25","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"6","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis dorsata","species_details":"Apis dorsata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of AChE activity","original_reference":"Rathee, N., Kanchesh, S. Deswal, and K. S. 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Yang, Z. W. Wang, and R. Menzel. \"Effect of Flumethrin on Survival and Olfactory Learning in Honeybees.\" Plos One 8, no. 6 (Jun 2013).","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Flumethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Permethrin","cas":"52645-53-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.13","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.024","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Accelerated cumulative inactivation of the sodium current peak in a similar manner","original_reference":"Kadala, A., M. Charreton, I. Jakob, T. Cens, M. Rousset, M. Chahine, Y. L. Conte, P. Charnet, and C. Collet. 2014. \"Pyrethroids differentially alter voltage-gated sodium channels from the honeybee central olfactory neurons.\"  PLoS ONE 9 (11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112194.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Permethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Propargite","cas":"2312-35-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 12","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 12C","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"47.9","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Propargite"},{"pesticide_name":"Spinosad","cas":"168316-95-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 5","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 5","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.057","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0036","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"168","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of foraging bee workers, nectar collecting workers, workers gathering pollen and area of worker brood /colony","original_reference":"Abdel Razik, Maram. \"Toxicity and Side Effects of Some Insecticides Applied in Cotton Fields on Apis Mellifera.\" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26, no. 5 (Feb 2019): 4987-96.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Spinosad"},{"pesticide_name":"Pyraclostrobin","cas":"175013-18-0","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC C","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 11 (C3)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"73.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"850","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"144","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"In the mandibular glands of pesticide treated nurses, epithelial secretory cells were significantly decreased in height; mean cell height reduction by 21%.","original_reference":"Zaluski, R., L. A. Justulin, and R. D. O. Orsi. \"Field-Relevant Doses of the Systemic Insecticide Fipronil and Fungicide Pyraclostrobin Impair Mandibular and Hypopharyngeal Glands in Nurse Honeybees (Apis Mellifera).\" Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017).","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Pyraclostrobin"},{"pesticide_name":"Quinalphos","cas":"13593-03-08","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.07","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of Glutathione STransferase (GST) activity","original_reference":"Kumar, S. 2017. \"Effect of pesticides on glutathione S-transferase activities in forager worker bees of Apis Mellifera L.\"  Biochemical and Cellular Archives 17 (1):295-299.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Quinalphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Spinosad","cas":"168316-95-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 5","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 5","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.057","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0036","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.00229","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00229","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"480","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Melipona","species":"Melipona quadrifasciata","species_details":"Melipona quadrifasciata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Deformed individuals, effect on walking activity","original_reference":"Barbosa, W. F., H. V. V. Tome, R. C. Bernardes, M. A. L. Siqueira, G. Smagghe, and R. N. C. Guedes. \"Biopesticide-Induced Behavioral and Morphological Alterations in the Stingless Bee Melipona Quadrifasciata.\" Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34, no. 9 (Sep 2015): 2149-58.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Spinosad"},{"pesticide_name":"Acetamiprid","cas":"135410-20-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"14.53","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"8.09","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.1","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.1","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.006882312","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"288","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase in responsiveness to water","original_reference":"Aliouane, Y., A. K. El Hassani, V. Gary, C. Armengaud, M. Lambin, and M. Gauthier. \"Subchronic Exposure of Honeybees to Sublethal Doses of Pesticides: Effects on Behavior.\" Environ Toxicol Chem 28, no. 1 (Jan 2009): 113-22.","reference_year":"2009","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Acetamiprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"125","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of sucrose consumption","original_reference":"Collison, Elizabeth J., Heather Hird, Charles R. Tyler, and James E. Cresswell. 2018. “Effects of Neonicotinoid Exposure on Molecular and Physiological Indicators of Honey Bee Immunocompetence.” Apidologie 49 (2): 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-017-0541-3.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Tebufenozide","cas":"112410-23-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 18","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 18","survey_inclusion_name":"Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"234","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"16","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"16","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"0.16","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Abramson, C. I., J. Squire, A. Sheridan, and P. G. Mulder. \"The Effect of Insecticides Considered Harmless to Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera): Proboscis Conditioning Studies by Using the Insect Growth Regulators Tebufenozide and Diflubenzuron.\" Environmental Entomology 33, no. 2 (Apr 2004): 378-88.","reference_year":"2004","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Tebufenozide"},{"pesticide_name":"Oxalic Acid","cas":"144-62-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"121","loael_unit_measure":"μg/larva","loael_ug_bee":"121","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Cell death in gut and salivary glands","original_reference":"Tihelka, E. \"Effects of Synthetic and Organic Varroacides on Honey Bee Health: A Review.\" Slovenian Veterinary Research 55, no. 3 (2018): 119-40.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Oxalic-Acid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.02","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1848","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"30","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Downregulation of 130 genes","original_reference":"Li, Zhiguo, Tiantian Yu, Yanping Chen, Matthew Heerman, Jingfang He, Jingnan Huang, Hongyi Nie, and Songkun Su. 2019. “Brain Transcriptome of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) Exhibiting Impaired Olfactory Learning Induced by a Sublethal Dose of Imidacloprid.” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 156: 36–43.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"20","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1848","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus impatiens","species_details":"Bombus impatiens","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced worker movement, consumption, wax pot production, and nectar storage, resulting in detrimental effects on colonies (queen survival and colony weight)","original_reference":"Scholer, J., and V. Krischik. \"Chronic Exposure of Imidacloprid and Clothianidin Reduce Queen Survival, Foraging, and Nectar Storing in Colonies of Bombus Impatiens.\" Plos One 9, no. 3 (Mar 2014).","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Triflumuron","cas":"64628-44-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 15","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 15","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"226","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.25","loael_unit_measure":"g/hive","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"168","time_of_significant_effect":"1008","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction in flight activity, decline in capped brood","original_reference":"Amir, O. G., and R. Peveling. \"Effect of Triflumuron on Brood Development and Colony Survival of Free-Flying Honeybee, Apis Mellifera L.\" Journal of Applied Entomology 128, no. 4 (May 2004): 242-49.","reference_year":"2004","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Triflumuron"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiamethoxam","cas":"153719-23-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00561694","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.01704113","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00142","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00142","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.252806688","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"48","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Ability to ascend impaired, increased movement to light","original_reference":"Tosi, S., and J. C. Nieh. \"A Common Neonicotinoid Pesticide, Thiamethoxam, Alters Honey Bee Activity, Motor Functions, and Movement to Light.\" Sci Rep 7, no. 1 (Nov 9 2017): 15132.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thiamethoxam"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiacloprid","cas":"111988-49-9","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"17.32","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"38.82","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.12","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.12","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.006928406","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Activation of the detoxification system to resistant toxicity of thicaloprid, hinder of the brain activity implicated in learning and behavior development","original_reference":"Shi, T., S. Burton, Y. Wang, S. Xu, W. Zhang, and L. Yu. \"Metabolomic Analysis of Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera L. Response to Thiacloprid.\" Pestic Biochem Physiol 152 (Nov 2018): 17-23.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thiacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiamethoxam","cas":"153719-23-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00561694","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.01704113","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0002","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0002","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.011736311","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"48","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera scutellata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Thermoregulation","sublethal _effect_details":"Alteration of thorax temperature. The varaition depends on the environment temperature and the dose (see notes)","original_reference":"Tosi, S., F. J. Demares, S. W. Nicolson, P. Medrzycki, C. W. Pirk, and H. Human. \"Effects of a Neonicotinoid Pesticide on Thermoregulation of African Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera Scutellata).\" J Insect Physiol 93-94 (Oct - Nov 2016): 56-63.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thiamethoxam"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiamethoxam","cas":"153719-23-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00561694","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.01704113","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"336","time_of_significant_effect":"336","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease response to high concentration of pure sucrose (not contaminated)","original_reference":"Demares, Fabien J., Kendall L. Crous, Christian WW Pirk, Susan W. 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Underwood, R. Schwarz, J. D. Evans, J. Pettis, and D. vanEngelsdorp. \"Direct Effect of Varroacides on Pathogen Loads and Gene Expression Levels in Honey Bees Apis Mellifera.\" Journal of Insect Physiology 58, no. 5 (May 2012): 613-20.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thymol"},{"pesticide_name":"Triazophos","cas":"24017-47-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"59.8","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"6","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis dorsata","species_details":"Apis dorsata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of AChE activity","original_reference":"Rathee, N., Kanchesh, S. 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T., C. C. Brewster, J. R. Bloomquist, and T. D. Anderson. 2017. \"Amitraz and its metabolite modulate honey bee cardiac function and tolerance to viral infection.\"  Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 149:119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.005.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"2-4-Dimethylphenyl-N-methylformamidine-(DMPF)"},{"pesticide_name":"Abamectin","cas":"71751-41-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 6","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 6","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.011","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0022","contact_ld50_source":"OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.1","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.0000813","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.007393087","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Effect on midgut cells; affects epithelial layer (cells merge); inside scoop of luminal average was more affectes, opaque and almost solid.","original_reference":"Aljedani, D. 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Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. 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Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. 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X., Y. C. Zhu, J. Adamczyk, and R. Luttrell. \"Influences of Acephate and Mixtures with Other Commonly Used Pesticides on Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) Survival and Detoxification Enzyme Activities.\" Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology 209 (Jul 2018): 9-17.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Acephate"},{"pesticide_name":"Acephate","cas":"30560-19-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.23","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.78","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction in surviving brood","original_reference":"Stoner, A., Wilson, W.T. and Harvey, J. (1985). Acephate (Orthene): effects on honey bee queen, brood and worker survival. Amer. Bee J. IPS, 448±50.","reference_year":"1985","review_reference":"Thompson, Helen M. \"Behavioural Effects of Pesticides in Bees - Their Potential for Use in Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 12, no. 1/4 (Feb-Aug 2003): 317-30.","pesticide_id":"Acephate"},{"pesticide_name":"Etridiazole","cas":"2593-15-9","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC F","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 14 (F3)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Etridiazole"},{"pesticide_name":"Acequinocyl","cas":"57960-19-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 20","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 20B","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. 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Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Acequinocyl"},{"pesticide_name":"Acetamiprid","cas":"135410-20-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"14.53","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"8.09","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.6","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.000487944","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"3.36E-05","sub_tr_category":"<0.0001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Significant decrease of AChE activity, significant stimulation of PPO and Carboxylesterase, increase of GSI ","original_reference":"Badawy, Mohamed E. 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Questel. \"Similar Comparative Low and High Doses of Deltamethrin and Acetamiprid Differently Impair the Retrieval of the Proboscis Extension Reflex in the Forager Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera).\" Insects 6, no. 4 (Sep 28 2015): 805-14.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Acetamiprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Glyphosate","cas":"1071-83-6","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC G","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"2.5","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.002033099","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"2.03E-05","sub_tr_category":"<0.0001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Low PER, less response, low acquisition (impairment of learning abilities)","original_reference":"Herbert, L. T., D. E. Vázquez, A. Arenas, and W. M. Farina. \"Effects of Field-Realistic Doses of Glyphosate on Honeybee Appetitive Behaviour.\" Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 19 (2014): 3457-64.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Glyphosate"},{"pesticide_name":"Ethofumesate","cas":"26225-79-6","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC N","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC N","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"50","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"50","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Khyzhnyak, S. V., S. V. Midyk, S. V. Sysoliatin, V. L. Kovalenko, L. M. Ishchenko, V. M. Voitsitskiy, and O. M. Yakubchak. \"The Content of Fatty Acids in the Tissues of Honey Bees after Feeding with Herbicide.\" Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 3 (2018): 51-54.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Ethofumesate"},{"pesticide_name":"Acetamiprid","cas":"135410-20-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"14.53","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"8.09","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.183","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.183","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.012594632","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"240","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis cerana","species_details":"Apis cerana cerana","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of honeybee weight of newly emerged bees","original_reference":"Han, W., Y. Yang, J. Gao, D. Zhao, C. Ren, S. Wang, S. Zhao, and Y. Zhong. \"Chronic Toxicity and Biochemical Response of Apis Cerana Cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Exposed to Acetamiprid and Propiconazole Alone or Combined.\" Ecotoxicology  (2019).","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Acetamiprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Allethrin","cas":"584-79-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"3.4","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.01","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.01","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Shorter bouts of walking behaviour, decrease of time spent wing fanning, less time spent grooming the antennae","original_reference":"Oliver, C. J., S. Softley, S. M. Williamson, P. C. Stevenson, and G. A. Wright. \"Pyrethroids and Nectar Toxins Have Subtle Effects on the Motor Function, Grooming and Wing Fanning Behaviour of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera).\" PLoS One 10, no. 8 (Aug 2015): e0133733.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Allethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Amitraz","cas":"33089-61-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 19","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 19","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"50","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"46","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"168","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of development rate, increase of larval weight","original_reference":"Dai, Pingli, Cameron J. Jack, Ashley N. Mortensen, Tomas A. Bustamante, and James D. Ellis. 2018. “Chronic Toxicity of Amitraz, Coumaphos and Fluvalinate to Apis Mellifera L. Larvae Reared in Vitro.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 5635.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Amitraz"},{"pesticide_name":"Amitraz","cas":"33089-61-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 19","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 19","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"50","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.25","loael_unit_measure":"nmol/bee","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Injection","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.5","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Significant decreases of phospholipids, fatty acids, steroids and triacylglycerols. (Increase were observed either later or with higher doses)","original_reference":"M'Diaye, K., and M. Bounias. 1991. \"Sublethal effects of the formamidine amitraz on honeybees gut lipids, following in vivo injections.\"  Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 4 (4):376-383.","reference_year":"1991","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Amitraz"},{"pesticide_name":"Azadirachtin","cas":"11141-17-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC UN*","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC UN*","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"3.2","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1848","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"No reproduction scored-Inhibiton of the egg-laying and (consequently) the production of drones (during 6 weeks). Decrease of ovarian length (with the increase of the azadirachtin concentration)","original_reference":"Barbosa, W. F., L. De Meyer, R. N. C. Guedes, and G. Smagghe. \"Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Azadirachtin on the Bumblebee Bombus Terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae).\" Ecotoxicology 24, no. 1 (Jan 2015): 130-42.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Azadirachtin"},{"pesticide_name":"Azinphos-ethyl","cas":"2642-71-9","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.39","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Azinphos-ethyl"},{"pesticide_name":"Beta-endosulfan","cas":"33213-65-9","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, EURL, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Beta-endosulfan"},{"pesticide_name":"Bitertanol","cas":"55179-31-2","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 3 (G1)","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"104.4","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Bitertanol"},{"pesticide_name":"Boric Acid","cas":"10043-35-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"362","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1000","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"96","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Morphological alterations","original_reference":"Cruz ADS, da Silva-Zacarin ECM, Bueno OC and Malaspina O, 2010. Morphological alterations induced by boric acid and fipronil in the midgut of worker honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae: Morphological alterations in the midgut of A. mellifera. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 26(2), 165- 176.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Boric-Acid"},{"pesticide_name":"Carbaryl","cas":"63-25-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.21","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.14","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.13","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.13","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"0.3","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Emergence of very small adults and in some cases wingless","original_reference":"Atkins, E.L., Kellum, D., 1986. Comparative morphogenic and toxicity studies on the effect of pesticides on honeybee brood. J. Apic. Res. 25, 242–255.","reference_year":"1986","review_reference":"Thompson, Helen M. \"Behavioural Effects of Pesticides in Bees - Their Potential for Use in Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 12, no. 1/4 (Feb-Aug 2003): 317-30.","pesticide_id":"Carbaryl"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorantraniliprole","cas":"500008-45-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 28","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 28","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"104.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"4","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.1","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.1","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.025","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"6","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"More frequent immobility, decrease of the force of muscular reflex, decrease of total distance covered","original_reference":"Kadala, A., M. Charreton, P. Charnet, and C. Collet. \"Honey Bees Long-Lasting Locomotor Deficits after Exposure to the Diamide Chlorantraniliprole Are Accompanied by Brain and Muscular Calcium Channels Alterations.\" Sci Rep 9, no. 1 (Feb 15 2019): 2153.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorantraniliprole"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorantraniliprole","cas":"500008-45-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 28","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 28","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"104.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"4","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.4","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1176","time_of_significant_effect":"672","main_feed_type_category":"Proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Sluggish, fatigued behaviour and slow reaction times after stimuli were applied with forceps","original_reference":"Smagghe, G., J. Deknopper, I. Meeus, and V. Mommaerts. 2013. \"Dietary chlorantraniliprole suppresses reproduction in worker bumblebees.\"  Pest Management Science 69 (7):787-791. doi: 10.1002/ps.3504.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorantraniliprole"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorothalonil","cas":"1897-45-6","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC M","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC M05","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"40","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"40","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1008","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of the level of glucose oxidase activity (effect on social immunity), decrease of level of total carbohydrates and protein (effect on nutrition)","original_reference":"O’Neal, Scott T., Alison M. Reeves, Richard D. Fell, Carlyle C. Brewster, and Troy D. Anderson. 2019. “Chlorothalonil Exposure Alters Virus Susceptibility and Markers of Immunity, Nutrition, and Development in Honey Bees.” Journal of Insect Science 19 (3): 14.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorothalonil"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorothalonil","cas":"1897-45-6","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC M","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC M05","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"40","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"40","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1008","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the total body weight, head, width and wing lenght","original_reference":"O’Neal, Scott T., Alison M. Reeves, Richard D. Fell, Carlyle C. Brewster, and Troy D. Anderson. 2019. “Chlorothalonil Exposure Alters Virus Susceptibility and Markers of Immunity, Nutrition, and Development in Honey Bees.” Journal of Insect Science 19 (3): 14.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorothalonil"},{"pesticide_name":"Kresoxim-methyl","cas":"143390-89-0","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC C","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 11","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"110","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Kresoxim-methyl"},{"pesticide_name":"Acetamiprid","cas":"135410-20-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"14.53","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"8.09","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.1","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.1","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.012360939","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of locomotor activity: increase in distance covered, decrease in duration of immobility ; increase in water induced proboscis extension reflex","original_reference":"El Hassani, A. K., M. Dacher, V. Gary, M. Lambin, M. Gauthier, and C. Armengaud. \"Effects of Sublethal Doses of Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam on the Behavior of the Honeybee (Apis Mellifera).\" Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54, no. 4 (May 2008): 653-61.","reference_year":"2008","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Acetamiprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Atrazine","cas":"1912-24-9","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC C1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC C1","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.005","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.005","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.00005","sub_tr_category":"<0.0001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"240","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Lipid peroxidation and diet-derived antioxidants: decrease of βcarotene and at-ROH with increasing doses","original_reference":"Helmer, S. 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Boily. \"Effects of Realistic Doses of Atrazine, Metolachlor, and Glyphosate on Lipid Peroxidation and Diet-Derived Antioxidants in Caged Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera).\" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22, no. 11 (Jun 2015): 8010-21.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Atrazine"},{"pesticide_name":"Azocyclotin","cas":"41083-11-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 12","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 12B","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. 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Yin, et al. \"Transcriptome Analysis of Newly Emerged Honeybees Exposure to Sublethal Carbendazim During Larval Stage.\" Front Genet 9 (Oct 2018): 426.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Carbendazim-(MBC)"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorfenapyr","cas":"122453-73-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 13","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 13","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"240","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1848","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"No drone were produced during the entire experiment (11 weeks). 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Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clofentezine"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"15","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"288","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"54","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced the specificity of e-LTM (early long-term memory tests), slight decrease in the PER habituation of winter bees after long-term exposure","original_reference":"Alkassab, A. T., and W. H. Kirchner. \"Impacts of Chronic Sublethal Exposure to Clothianidin on Winter Honeybees.\" Ecotoxicology 25, no. 5 (Jul 2016): 1000-10.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Coumaphos","cas":"56-72-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"4610","oral_ld50_source":"Bohme et al, 2018","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Alteration of some metabolic responses: detoxification gene expression pathways, component of the immune system responsible for cellular resopnse","original_reference":"Boncristiani, H., R. Underwood, R. Schwarz, J. D. Evans, J. Pettis, and D. vanEngelsdorp. \"Direct Effect of Varroacides on Pathogen Loads and Gene Expression Levels in Honey Bees Apis Mellifera.\" Journal of Insect Physiology 58, no. 5 (May 2012): 613-20.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Coumaphos"},{"pesticide_name":"DDT p,p'","cas":"50-29-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"0.5","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.5","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"2","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of cyt. P-450 level and increase in activity of GST.","original_reference":"Anjum, F., M. K. J. Siddiqui, H. Sultana, and S. S. H. Qadri. \"Some Metabolic Changes Induced by Ddt and Piperonyl Butoxide in Honeybee Apis Cerana Indica.\" COMP. PHYSIOL. ECOL. 13, no. 2 (1988): 85-88.","reference_year":"1988","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"DDT-p-p-"},{"pesticide_name":"Cyfluthrin","cas":"68359-37-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.05","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.001","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.01","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.01","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"0.2","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Longer lasting bouts of upside down behaviour, decrease of time spent wing fanning","original_reference":"Oliver, C. 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Wright. \"Pyrethroids and Nectar Toxins Have Subtle Effects on the Motor Function, Grooming and Wing Fanning Behaviour of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera).\" PLoS One 10, no. 8 (Aug 2015): e0133733.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cyfluthrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Cypermethrin","cas":"52315-07-08","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.172","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.023","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"12.5","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"3600","time_of_significant_effect":"504","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Bendahou, N., C. Fleche, and M. Bounias. \"Biological and Biochemical Effects of Chronic Exposure to Very Low Levels of Dietary Cypermethrin (Cymbush) on Honeybee Colonies (Hymenoptera: Apidae).\" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 44, no. 2 (Oct 1999): 147-53.","reference_year":"1999","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cypermethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Methidathion","cas":"950-37-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.13","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Methidathion"},{"pesticide_name":"Mevinphos","cas":"7786-34-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"EURL, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Mevinphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Azoxystrobin","cas":"131860-33-8","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC C","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 11 (C3)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"25","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"2","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"2","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"0.08","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"72","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Downregulation of the expression of hbg3","original_reference":"Christen, Verena, Jana Krebs, and Karl Fent. 2019. “Fungicides Chlorothanolin, Azoxystrobin and Folpet Induce Transcriptional Alterations in Genes Encoding Enzymes Involved in Oxidative Phosphorylation and Metabolism in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) at Sublethal Concentrations.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 377 (September): 215–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.056.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Azoxystrobin"},{"pesticide_name":"Bifenazate","cas":"149877-41-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 20","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 20D","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"8.5","contact_ld50_source":"OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"96","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1848","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"No drone were produced during the entire experiment (11 weeks)","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. 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Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Bifenazate"},{"pesticide_name":"Carbofuran","cas":"1563-66-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.05","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.036","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.25","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"48","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced number of potentially viable pupae","original_reference":"Davis, A. 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Shuel. 1988. \"Laboratory studies of honeybee larval growth and development as affected by systemic insecticides at adult-sublethal levels.\"  Journal of Apicultural Research 27 (3):146-161. doi: 10.1080/00218839.1988.11100795.","reference_year":"1988","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Carbofuran"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorfenvinphos","cas":"470-90-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.55","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorfenvinphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos-ethyl)","cas":"2921-88-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.25","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.052","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.052","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"0.208","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"2","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Lower response to 10% sucrose solution and lower memory retention","original_reference":"Li, Z. G., M. Li, J. N. Huang, C. S. Ma, L. C. Xiao, Q. Huang, Y. Z. Zhao, H. Y. Nie, and S. K. Su. \"Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos on Olfactory Learning and Memory Performances in Two Bee Species, Apis Mellifera and Apis Cerana.\" Sociobiology 64, no. 2 (Jun 2017): 174-81.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorpyrifos-(Chlorpyrifos-ethyl)"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.000137","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.000137","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.035503725","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"More time spent grooming; impairment of the righting reflex (more time spent upside down); loss of postural control; more time spent laying on their back; greater mean number of bouts of behaviour and longer bouts","original_reference":"Williamson, S. M., S. J. Willis, and G. A. Wright. \"Exposure to Neonicotinoids Influences the Motor Function of Adult Worker Honeybees.\" Ecotoxicology 23, no. 8 (Oct 2014): 1409-18.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"5","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"840","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"40","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the average of foraging activity","original_reference":"Arce, Andres N., Thomas I. David, Emma L. Randall, Ana Ramos Rodrigues, Thomas J. Colgan, Yannick Wurm, and Richard J. Gill. 2017. “Impact of Controlled Neonicotinoid Exposure on Bumblebees in a Realistic Field Setting.” Journal of Applied Ecology 54 (4): 1199–1208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12792.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Coumaphos","cas":"56-72-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"4610","oral_ld50_source":"Bohme et al, 2018","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"50","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Affects expression of some proteins","original_reference":"Gregorc A, Evans JD, Scharf M, Ellis JD. Gene expression in honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae exposed to pesticides and varroa mites (Varroa destructor). J Insect Physiol 2012; 58: 1042–9.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"Tihelka, E. \"Effects of Synthetic and Organic Varroacides on Honey Bee Health: A Review.\" Slovenian Veterinary Research 55, no. 3 (2018): 119-40.","pesticide_id":"Coumaphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Cyfluthrin","cas":"68359-37-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.05","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.001","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"3","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Failed to exhibit any conditioned responses, no learning is evident","original_reference":"Abramson, C. I., I. S. Aquino, F. S. Ramalho, and J. M. Price. \"The Effect of Insecticides on Learning in the Africanized Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.).\" Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37, no. 4 (Nov 1999): 529-35.","reference_year":"1999","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cyfluthrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)","cas":"118-74-1","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Hexachlorobenzene-(HCB)"},{"pesticide_name":"Bifenthrin","cas":"82657-04-03","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"21.6","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.017565974","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"0.175659741","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"480","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Fewer eggs produced, greater egg weights, lower success rate of development within the colonies, longer duration of egg stage,longer sealed brood stage, longer immature stage","original_reference":"Dai, P. L., Q. Wang, J. H. Sun, F. Liu, X. Wang, Y. Y. Wu, and T. Zhou. \"Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Bifenthrin and Deltamethrin on Fecundity, Growth, and Development of the Honeybee Apis Mellifera Ligustica.\" Environ Toxicol Chem 29, no. 3 (Mar 2010): 644-9.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Bifenthrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorferone","cas":"6174-86-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorferone"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos-ethyl)","cas":"2921-88-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.25","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.5","loael_unit_measure":"gals/acre","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Immunity","sublethal _effect_details":"Fewer queens emerged due to compromised immunity in developing queens","original_reference":"DeGrandi-Hoffman, Gloria, Yanping Chen, and Roger Simonds. 2013. “The Effects of Pesticides on Queen Rearing and Virus Titers in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.).” Insects 4 (1): 71–89. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4010071.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorpyrifos-(Chlorpyrifos-ethyl)"},{"pesticide_name":"Norflurazon desmethyl","cas":"23576-24-1","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Norflurazon-desmethyl"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0005","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0005","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.12957564","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Delayed effect on locomotor activity, shorter resting time, more frequent bouts of laying upside down","original_reference":"Alkassab, A. T., and W. H. Kirchner. \"Assessment of Acute Sublethal Effects of Clothianidin on Motor Function of Honeybee Workers Using Video-Tracking Analysis.\" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 147 (Jan 2018): 200-05.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.05","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"60","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Immunity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of total homocyte counts - reduction of antimicrobial activity - weaker melanization (encapsulation responses)","original_reference":"Brandt, A., A. Gorenflo, R. Siede, M. Meixner, and R. Buchler. \"The Neonicotinoids Thiacloprid, Imidacloprid, and Clothianidin Affect the Immunocompetence of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.).\" J Insect Physiol 86 (Mar 2016): 40-7.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Coumaphos","cas":"56-72-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"4610","oral_ld50_source":"Bohme et al, 2018","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"100","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"More than 50% of the queen cells were rejected, survivor queens weighed significantly less than control queens","original_reference":"Pettis, Jeffery S., Anita M. Collins, Reg Wilbanks, and Mark F. Feldlaufer. \"Effects of Coumaphos on Queen Rearing in the Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera.\" Apidologie 35, no. 6 (Nov-Dec 2004): 605-10.","reference_year":"2004","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Coumaphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Cyhalothrin","cas":"68085-85-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.027","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"2","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.00027108","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.010039994","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"4","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of visitation","original_reference":"Mayer, D. F., G. Kovacs, and J. D. Lunden. 1998. “Field and Laboratory Tests on the Effects of Cyhalothrin on Adults of Apis Mellifera, Megachile Rotundata and Nomia Melanderi.” Journal of Apicultural Research 37 (1): 33–37.","reference_year":"1998","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cyhalothrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Cypermethrin","cas":"52315-07-08","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.172","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.023","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"65","loael_unit_measure":"g/ha","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction in foraging activity, repellent effect to foraging bees","original_reference":"Pashte, V. 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Patil. 2017. “Impact of Different Insecticides on the Activity of Bees on Sunflower.” Res Crops2017 18 (1): 153–6.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cypermethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Deltamethrin","cas":"52918-63-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.079","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.002","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.002","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Megachile","species":"Megachile rotundata","species_details":"Megachile rotundata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Females laid 20% fewer eggs than control","original_reference":"Tasei JN, Carre S, Moscatelli B and Grondeau C, 1988. Recherche de la D.L. 50 de la deltamethrine (Decis) chez Megachile rotundata F. Abeille pollinistatrice de la luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) et des effets de doses infralethales sur les adultes et les larves. Apidologie, 19, 291-306.","reference_year":"1988","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Deltamethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Diafenthiuron","cas":"80060-09-09","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 12","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 12A","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.5","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.25","loael_unit_measure":"unclear","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis dorsata","species_details":"Apis dorsata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of THC, increase of the percentage of plasmatocytes and granulocytes, decrease of the percentage of prohaemocytes, oenocytoids and granulocytes","original_reference":"Perveen, N., and M. Ahmad. 2017. \"Toxicity of some insecticides to the haemocytes of giant honeybee, Apis dorsata F. under laboratory conditions.\"  Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (5):1016-1022. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.011.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Diafenthiuron"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenbuconazole","cas":"114369-43-6","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 3 (G1)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"5.2","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"5.5","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fenbuconazole"},{"pesticide_name":"Aldicarb","cas":"0116-06-03","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.16","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.28","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.00025","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00025","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.0015625","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase in the percentage of time spent head grooming","original_reference":"Williamson, S. M., C. Moffat, M. A. Gomersall, N. Saranzewa, C. N. Connolly, and G. A. Wright. \"Exposure to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Alters the Physiology and Motor Function of Honeybees.\" Front Physiol 4 (2013): 13.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Aldicarb"},{"pesticide_name":"Amitraz","cas":"33089-61-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 19","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 19","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"50","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"400","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1848","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"No drone were produced during the entire experiment (11 weeks)","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Amitraz"},{"pesticide_name":"Azadirachtin","cas":"11141-17-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC UN*","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC UN*","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"30","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.024397186","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"25","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Partamona and Scaptotrigona","species":"Multiple non-Apis","species_details":"Partamona helleri, Scaptotrigona xanthotrica","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Flight take-off impairment: reduction of individuals taking-off for flight and the number reaching the light source","original_reference":"Tome, H. V. V., W. F. Barbosa, A. S. Corrêa, L. M. Gontijo, G. F. Martins, and R. N. C. Guedes. 2015. \"Reduced-risk insecticides in Neotropical stingless bee species: Impact on survival and activity.\"  Annals of Applied Biology 167 (2):186-196. doi: 10.1111/aab.12217.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Azadirachtin"},{"pesticide_name":"Bifenthrin","cas":"82657-04-03","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"30","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Total loss of reproduction- no drones were produced during the entire experiment","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Bifenthrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Malathion monocarboxylic acid (DMA)","cas":"NA","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 19","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 19","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Malathion-monocarboxylic acid (DMA)"},{"pesticide_name":"Methiocarb sulfoxide","cas":"2635-10-1.","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Methiocarb-sulfoxide"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorfluazuron","cas":"71422-67-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 15","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 15","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"400","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.325295816","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.003252958","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of AChe activity of bees head and thorax, inhibition of  the specific activity of ATPase in bee abdomen (most significant), head and thorax.","original_reference":"Rabea, E. I., H. M. Nasr, and M. E. I. Badawy. 2010. \"Toxic Effect and Biochemical Study of Chlorfluazuron, Oxymatrine, and Spinosad on Honey Bees (Apis mellifera).\"  Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58 (3):722-732. doi: 10.1007/s00244-009-9403-y.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorfluazuron"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00063","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00063","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.163265306","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Higher expression of AmHym, AmBasl, AmVit2 and Ampif","original_reference":"Tarek, H., M. M. Hamiduzzaman, N. Morfin, and E. Guzman-Novoa. \"Sub-Lethal Doses of Neonicotinoid and Carbamate Insecticides Reduce the Lifespan and Alter the Expression of Immune Health and Detoxification Related Genes of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera).\" Genetics and Molecular Research 17, no. 2 (Apr 2018).","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"2","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Longer development rate","original_reference":"Dai, Pingli, Cameron J. Jack, Ashley N. Mortensen, Tomas A. Bustamante, Jeffrey R. Bloomquist, and James D. Ellis. 2019. “Chronic Toxicity of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, Chlorpyrifos, and Dimethoate to Apis Mellifera L. Larvae Reared in Vitro.” Pest Management Science 75 (1): 29–36.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Coumaphos oxon","cas":"321-54-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"3.6","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.5","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Neurophysiology","sublethal _effect_details":"Biphasic effect on KC ACh responses: initial potentiation followed by inhibition.","original_reference":"Palmer, M. J., C. Moffat, N. Saranzewa, J. Harvey, G. A. Wright, and C. N. Connolly. \"Cholinergic Pesticides Cause Mushroom Body Neuronal Inactivation in Honeybees.\" Nature Communications 4 (Mar 2013).","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Coumaphos-oxon"},{"pesticide_name":"Glyphosate","cas":"1071-83-6","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC G","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.25","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"72","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Delayed moulting and reduced weight","original_reference":"Vázquez, D. E., N. Ilina, E. A. Pagano, J. A. Zavala, and W. M. Farina. \"Glyphosate Affects the Larval Development of Honey Bees Depending on the Susceptibility of Colonies.\" PLoS ONE 13, no. 10 (2018).","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Glyphosate"},{"pesticide_name":"Deltamethrin","cas":"52918-63-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.079","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.01","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.01","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"0.126582278","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Disturbed retrieval of PER at 24h after conditioning","original_reference":"Thany, S. H., C. M. Bourdin, J. Graton, A. D. Laurent, M. Mathe-Allainmat, J. Lebreton, and J. Y. Questel. \"Similar Comparative Low and High Doses of Deltamethrin and Acetamiprid Differently Impair the Retrieval of the Proboscis Extension Reflex in the Forager Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera).\" Insects 6, no. 4 (Sep 28 2015): 805-14.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Deltamethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Aldicarb","cas":"0116-06-03","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.16","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.28","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.00025","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00025","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.0015625","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase in AChE-2 transcript levels in brain tissue and gut tissue, ","original_reference":"Williamson, S. M., C. Moffat, M. A. Gomersall, N. Saranzewa, C. N. Connolly, and G. A. Wright. \"Exposure to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Alters the Physiology and Motor Function of Honeybees.\" Front Physiol 4 (2013): 13.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Aldicarb"},{"pesticide_name":"Azadirachtin","cas":"11141-17-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC UN*","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC UN*","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"54","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.043914935","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of syrup consumption by worker bees","original_reference":"Peng, C. Y. S., S. Trinh, J. E. Lopez, E. C. Mussen, A. Hung, and R. Chuang. \"The Effects of Azadirachtin on the Parasitic Mite, Varroa Jacobsoni and Its Host Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera).\" Journal of Apicultural Research 39, no. 3-4 (2000): 159-68.","reference_year":"2000","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Azadirachtin"},{"pesticide_name":"Bifenthrin","cas":"82657-04-03","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"30","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1848","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"50-75% reduction of nest production. Total loss of reproduction- no drones were produced during the entire experiment","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Bifenthrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Butyric acid","cas":"107-92-6","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Abramson, C. I., T. Giray, T. A. Mixson, S. L. Nolf, H. Wells, A. Kence, and M. Kence. \"Proboscis Conditioning Experiments with Honeybees, Apis Mellifera Caucasica, with Butyric Acid and Deet Mixture as Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli.\" Journal of Insect Science 10 (Jul 2010).","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Butyric-acid"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0008","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0008","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.207321024","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Negative impairment of the memory, negative effect on retention, lower PER, loss of the memory consolidation effect","original_reference":"Tison, Léa, Alexander Rößner, Susan Gerschewski, and Randolf Menzel. \"The Neonicotinoid Clothianidin Impairs Memory Processing in Honey Bees.\" Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 180 (2019/09/30/ 2019): 139-45.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"4","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"264","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Impairement of olfactory learning acquisition","original_reference":"Piiroinen, Saija, and Dave Goulson. 2016. “Chronic Neonicotinoid Pesticide Exposure and Parasite Stress Differentially Affects Learning in Honeybees and Bumblebees.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283 (1828): 20160246.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Coumaphos","cas":"56-72-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"4610","oral_ld50_source":"Bohme et al, 2018","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"3.333","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"216","time_of_significant_effect":"240","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of lysozyme expression","original_reference":"Garrido, Paula Melisa, Martín Pablo Porrini, Karina Antúnez, Belén Branchiccela, Giselle María Astrid Martínez-Noël, Pablo Zunino, Graciela Salerno, Martín Javier Eguaras, and Elena Ieno. 2016. “Sublethal Effects of Acaricides and Nosema Ceranae Infection on Immune Related Gene Expression in Honeybees.” Veterinary Research 47 (1): 51.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Coumaphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Cyfluthrin","cas":"68359-37-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.05","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.001","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.05","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.05","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Slower learning of odour mediated response","original_reference":"Taylor, K;, G; Waller, and L; Crowder. \"Impairement of a Classical Conditioned Responde of the Honey Bee by Sublethal Doses of Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides.\" Apidologie 18, no. 3 (1987): 243-52.","reference_year":"1987","review_reference":"Thompson, Helen M. \"BehaviouralEffects of Pesticides in Bees - Their Potential for Use in Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 12, no. 1/4 (Feb-Aug 2003): 317-30.","pesticide_id":"Cyfluthrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Cypermethrin","cas":"52315-07-08","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.172","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.023","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.4","loael_unit_measure":"nmol/bee","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Injection","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase in the percentage inhibition of ATPase activity","original_reference":"Bendahou, N., M. Bounias, and C. Fleche. \"Toxicity of Cypermethrin and Fenitrothion on the Hemolymph Carbohydrates, Head Acetylcholinesterase, and Thoracic Muscle Na+, K+-Atpase of Emerging Honeybees (Apis Mellifera Mellifera. L).\" Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 44, no. 2 (Oct 1999): 139-46.","reference_year":"1999","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cypermethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Amitraz","cas":"33089-61-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 19","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 19","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"50","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"2","loael_unit_measure":"μL/bee","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Queens","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Downregulation of genes related to detoxification enzymes, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, immunity, antioxidant enzymes, and development was observed.","original_reference":"Chaimanee, Veeranan, and Jeffery S. Pettis. \"Gene Expression, Sperm Viability, and Queen (Apis Mellifera) Loss Following Pesticide Exposure under Laboratory and Field Conditions.\" Apidologie  (2019/05/08 2019).","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Amitraz"},{"pesticide_name":"Azadirachtin","cas":"11141-17-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC UN*","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC UN*","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"480","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Melipona","species":"Melipona quadrifasciata","species_details":"Melipona quadrifasciata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Deformed pupae, becoming deformed adults","original_reference":"Barbosa, W. F., H. V. V. Tome, R. C. Bernardes, M. A. L. Siqueira, G. Smagghe, and R. N. C. Guedes. \"Biopesticide-Induced Behavioral and Morphological Alterations in the Stingless Bee Melipona Quadrifasciata.\" Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34, no. 9 (Sep 2015): 2149-58.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Azadirachtin"},{"pesticide_name":"Bifenthrin","cas":"82657-04-03","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"2.5","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis dorsata","species_details":"Apis dorsata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of THC, increase of the percentage of plasmatocytes and granulocytes, decrease of the percentage of prohaemocytes, oenocytoids and spherulocytes. ","original_reference":"Perveen, N., and M. Ahmad. 2017. \"Toxicity of some insecticides to the haemocytes of giant honeybee, Apis dorsata F. under laboratory conditions.\"  Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (5):1016-1022. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.011.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Bifenthrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorothalonil","cas":"1897-45-6","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC M","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC M05","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"40","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"40","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0002","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0002","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.000005","sub_tr_category":"<0.0001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"72","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Transcriptional alteration. Inhibition of hopscotch expression, downregulation of cup9q1, vitellogenin, ilp1, mrjp1 ,mrjp2, mrjp3, AChE receptor alpha-1. \nThe expression of hopscotch was significantly inhibited at 0.2 and 20\nng/bee after 24 h","original_reference":"Christen, Verena, Jana Krebs, and Karl Fent. 2019. “Fungicides Chlorothanolin, Azoxystrobin and Folpet Induce Transcriptional Alterations in Genes Encoding Enzymes Involved in Oxidative Phosphorylation and Metabolism in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) at Sublethal Concentrations.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 377 (September): 215–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.056.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorothalonil"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.001","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.001","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.25915128","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Downregulation of AChE and upregulation of GST activities GST","original_reference":"Li, Z. G., M. Li, J. F. He, X. M. Zhao, V. Chaimanee, W. F. Huang, H. Y. Nie, Y. Z. Zhao, and S. K. Su. \"Differential PhysiologicalEffects of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Honey Bees: A Comparison between Apis Mellifera and Apis Cerana.\" Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 140 (Aug 2017): 1-8.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"2","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1104","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Muscle activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Lower honey production because of decrease of productivity of  strain","original_reference":"Sandrock, C., M. Tanadini, L. G. Tanadini, A. Fauser-Misslin, S. G. Potts, and P. Neumann. \"Impact of Chronic Neonicotinoid Exposure on Honeybee Colony Performance and Queen Supersedure.\" Plos One 9, no. 8 (Aug 2014).","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Cyhalothrin","cas":"68085-85-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.027","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"0.4","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.4","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced honeybee visitation","original_reference":"Mayer, D.F., Kovacs, G., Lunden, J.D., 1998. Field and laboratory tests on the effects of cyhalothrin on adults of Apis mellifera, Megachile rotundata and Nomia melanderi. J. Apic. Res. 37, 33–37.","reference_year":"1998","review_reference":"Thompson, Helen M. \"Behavioural Effects of Pesticides in Bees - Their Potential for Use in Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 12, no. 1/4 (Feb-Aug 2003): 317-30.","pesticide_id":"Cyhalothrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Deltamethrin","cas":"52918-63-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.079","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.01","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.01","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Increased uptake of sugar solution","original_reference":"Tasei, J. N., H. Sabik, L. Pirastru, E. Langiu, J. M. Blanche, J. Fournier, and J. P. Taglioni. 1994. \"Effects of sublethal doses of deltamethrin (Decis Ce) on Bombus terrestris.\"  Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (3):129-135. doi: 10.1080/00218839.1994.11100860.","reference_year":"1994","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Deltamethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Diazinon","cas":"333-41-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.09","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.13","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"2.5","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"240","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of the acetylcholinesterases activity in the head and decrease in the thorax","original_reference":"Glavan, G., M. Kos, J. Bozic, D. Drobne, J. Sabotic, and A. J. Kokalj. \"Different Response of Acetylcholinesterases in Salt- and Detergent-Soluble Fractions of Honeybee Haemolymph, Head and Thorax after Exposure to Diazinon.\" Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology 205 (Feb 2018): 8-14.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Diazinon"},{"pesticide_name":"Aldicarb sulfoxide","cas":"1646-87-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"3","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.002439719","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"336","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Repellency- Inhibition of sucrose solution consumption","original_reference":"Nigg, H. N., R. V. Russ, W. D. Mahon, J. H. Stamper, and J. L. Knapp. 1991. \"CONTAMINATION OF SUCROSE SOLUTION WITH ALDICARB SULFOXIDE INHIBITS FORAGING BY HONEYBEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE).\"  Journal of Economic Entomology 84 (3):810-813. doi: 10.1093/jee/84.3.810.","reference_year":"1991","review_reference":"Thompson, Helen M. \"Behavioural Effects of Pesticides in Bees - Their Potential for Use in Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 12, no. 1/4 (Feb-Aug 2003): 317-30.","pesticide_id":"Aldicarb-sulfoxide"},{"pesticide_name":"Amitraz","cas":"33089-61-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 19","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 19","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"50","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"283","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of glucose dehydrogenase expression- may compromise cellular immunity","original_reference":"Garrido PM, Antúnez K, Martín M, Porrini MP, Zunino P, Eguaras MJ. Immune-related gene expression in nurse honey bees (Apis mellifera) exposed to synthetic Varroacides. J Insect Physiol 2013; 59: 113–9.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"Tihelka, E. \"Effects of Synthetic and Organic Varroacides on Honey Bee Health: A Review.\" Slovenian Veterinary Research 55, no. 3 (2018): 119-40.","pesticide_id":"Amitraz"},{"pesticide_name":"Bentazon","cas":"25057-89-0","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC C3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC C3","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"113.12","loael_unit_measure":"mm3 /bee","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"168","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increased aggression, increased mobility","original_reference":"Migdal, Pawel, Adam Roman, Ewa Popiela-Pleban, Monika Kowalska-Góralska, and Sebastian Opaliński. \"The Impact of Selected Pesticides on Honey Bees.\" Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27, no. 2 (2018): 787-92.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Bentazon"},{"pesticide_name":"Carbaryl","cas":"63-25-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.21","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.14","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"250","loael_unit_measure":"g/ha","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"2","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Loss of diversity in DNA sequences at bacterial species, lower average gene copy number of 16S rRNA gene ","original_reference":"Nogrado, K., S. Lee, K. Chon, and J. H. Lee. 2019. \"Effect of transient exposure to carbaryl wettable powder on the gut microbial community of honey bees.\"  Applied Biological Chemistry 62. doi: 10.1186/s13765-019-0415-7.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Carbaryl"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorantraniliprole","cas":"500008-45-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 28","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 28","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"104.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"4","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"4","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1176","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Detrimental effect on reproduction","original_reference":"Smagghe, G., J. Deknopper, I. Meeus, and V. Mommaerts. 2013. \"Dietary chlorantraniliprole suppresses reproduction in worker bumblebees.\"  Pest Management Science 69 (7):787-791. doi: 10.1002/ps.3504.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorantraniliprole"},{"pesticide_name":"Clofentezine","cas":"74115-24-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 10","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 10A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"252.6","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"84.5","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"150","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"50-75% reduction in drone production","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clofentezine"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.032","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.032","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera carnica","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Activation of the cellular response, increase of the THC, higher levels of granulocyte and oenoecytoids in larvae","original_reference":"Lopez, J. H., S. Krainer, A. Engert, W. Schuehly, U. Riessberger-Galle, and K. Crailsheim. \"Sublethal Pesticide Doses Negatively Affect Survival and the Cellular Responses in American Foulbrood-Infected Honeybee Larvae.\" Sci Rep 7 (Feb 1 2017): 40853.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Coumaphos","cas":"56-72-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"4610","oral_ld50_source":"Bohme et al, 2018","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"26","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"26","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Less time spent grooming against mite and more time to react","original_reference":"de Mattos, I. M., A. E. E. Soares, and D. R. Tarpy. 2017. \"Effects of synthetic Varroacides on honey bee grooming behavior against the parasitic Varroa destructor mite.\"  Apidologie 48 (4):483-494. doi: 10.1007/s13592-017-0491-9.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Coumaphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Cypermethrin","cas":"52315-07-08","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.172","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.023","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0025","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0025","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.108695652","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the distance covered by individuals","original_reference":"Charreton, M., A. Decourtye, M. Henry, G. Rodet, J. C. Sandoz, P. Charnet, and C. Collet. \"A Locomotor Deficit Induced by Sublethal Doses of Pyrethroid and Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Honeybee Apis Mellifera.\" PLoS One 10, no. 12 (Dec 2015): e0144879.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cypermethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Deltamethrin","cas":"52918-63-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.079","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.5","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease in foraging activity on the food source and at the hive entrance","original_reference":"Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Charreton, and M. H. Pham-Delegue. \"Effects of Imidacloprid and Deltamethrin on Associative Learning in Honeybees under Semi-Field and Laboratory Conditions.\" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 57, no. 3 (Mar 2004): 410-9.","reference_year":"2004","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Deltamethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Difenoconazole","cas":"119446-68-3","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 3 (G1)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"177","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"200","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"15","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Motion coordination","sublethal _effect_details":"Agitation and changes in motor coordination","original_reference":"Leite, D. T., R. B. Sampaio, C. O. Santos, J. N. Santos, E. D. Chambó, C. A. L. Carvalho, and G. S. Sodré. 2018. \"Toxicity of fenpyroximate, difenoconazole and mineral oil on apis mellifera L.\"  Sociobiology 65 (4):737-743. doi: 10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3416.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Difenoconazole"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00218","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00218","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.067777218","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Orientation/navigation","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of the proportion of homing flights","original_reference":"Matsumoto, T. \"Reduction in Homing Flights in the Honey Bee Apis Mellifera after a Sublethal Dose of Neonicotinoid Insecticides.\" Bulletin of Insectology 66, no. 1 (Jun 2013): 1-9.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"80","loael_unit_measure":"nM","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"2016","time_of_significant_effect":"1848","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Colony weight gain (week 9-week12), negative effect on cluster size of the colonies (week 12)","original_reference":"Wood, S. C., I. V. Kozii, R. V. Koziy, T. Epp, and E. 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Wu. \"Short-Term Exposure to Lambda-Cyhalothrin Negatively Affects the Survival and Memory-Related Characteristics of Worker Bees Apis Mellifera.\" Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75, no. 1 (Jul 2018): 59-65.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cyhalothrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Coumaphos","cas":"56-72-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"4.61","oral_ld50_source":"Bohme et al, 2018","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"0.00181","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00181","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.000392625","sub_tr_category":"<0.001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the number of bees that could perform the spaced learning task, effect on bee's ability to learn the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association during both massed and spaced conditioning","original_reference":"Williamson, Sally M., Daniel D. Baker, and Geraldine A. Wright. 2013. “Acute Exposure to a Sublethal Dose of Imidacloprid and Coumaphos Enhances Olfactory Learning and Memory in the Honeybee Apis Mellifera.” Invertebrate Neuroscience 13 (1): 63–70.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Coumaphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Deltamethrin","cas":"52918-63-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.079","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"940","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"264","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of olfactory learning performances during conditioning trials","original_reference":"Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, E. Genecque, K. Le Menach, H. Budzinski, S. Cluzeau, and M. H. Pham-Delegue. \"Comparative Sublethal Toxicity of Nine Pesticides on Olfactory Learning Performances of the Honeybee Apis Mellifera.\" Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48, no. 2 (Feb 2005): 242-50.","reference_year":"2005","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Deltamethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Dicamba","cas":"1918-00-9","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC O","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC O","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Bohnenblust, E. W., A. D. Vaudo, J. F. Egan, D. A. Mortensen, and J. F. Tooker. \"Effects of the Herbicide Dicamba on Nontarget Plants and Pollinator Visitation.\" Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35, no. 1 (Jan 2016): 144-51.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Dicamba"},{"pesticide_name":"Diethyltoluamide","cas":"134-62-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Abramson, C. I., T. Giray, T. A. Mixson, S. L. Nolf, H. Wells, A. Kence, and M. Kence. \"Proboscis Conditioning Experiments with Honeybees, Apis Mellifera Caucasica, with Butyric Acid and Deet Mixture as Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli.\" Journal of Insect Science 10 (Jul 2010).","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Diethyltoluamide"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos-ethyl)","cas":"2921-88-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.25","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorpyrifos-(Chlorpyrifos-ethyl)"},{"pesticide_name":"Dimethoate","cas":"60-51-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.02","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.02","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"0.2","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, induction of the transcript of defensin-1, induction of the vitellogenin transcript","original_reference":"Christen, V., Y. Joho, M. Vogel, and K. Fent. \"Transcriptional and PhysiologicalEffects of the Pyrethroid Deltamethrin and the Organophosphate Dimethoate in the Brain of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera).\" Environ Pollut 244 (Jan 2019): 247-56.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Dimethoate"},{"pesticide_name":"Dinotefuran","cas":"165252-70-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.023","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.00081324","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of AChE activity, significant inhibition of PPO, Carboxylesterase and GSI ","original_reference":"Badawy, Mohamed E. I., Hoda M. Nasr, and Entsar I. Rabea. \"Toxicity and Biochemical Changes in the Honey Bee Apis Mellifera Exposed to Four Insecticides under Laboratory Conditions.\" Apidologie 46, no. 2 (2015): 177-93.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Dinotefuran"},{"pesticide_name":"Etoxazole","cas":"153233-91-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 10","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 10B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"55","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1848","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Total loss of reproduction- no drones were produced during the entire experiment","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Etoxazole"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenoxycarb","cas":"79127-80-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 7","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 7B","survey_inclusion_name":"Poshbee H2020, 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Protection Products on the Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Hypopharyngeal Gland of the European Honeybee, Apis Mellifera.\" Apidologie 42, no. 1 (Jan 2011): 103-16.","reference_year":"2011","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fenoxycarb"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenthion-sulfoxide","cas":"3761-41-9","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, 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Ribolla, and Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi. 2015. “Fipronil Promotes Motor and Behavioral Changes in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) and Affects the Development of Colonies Exposed to Sublethal Doses.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34 (5): 1062–1069.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, 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and Michel Tisseur. 2010. “Sublethal Effects of Fipronil on the Ability of Honeybees (Apis Mellifera L.) to Orientate in a Complex Maze.” Julius-Kühn-Archiv, no. 423: 75.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Cypermethrin","cas":"52315-07-08","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, 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491–499.","reference_year":"1984","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cypermethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Deltamethrin","cas":"52918-63-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.079","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0015","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0025","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0025","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.03164557","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis 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Meled, M. ‐E Colin, and L. P. Belzunces. 1995. \"Alteration of the homing‐flight in the honey bee Apis mellifera L. 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Toxicity of diafenthiuron to honey bees in laboratory, semi-field and field conditions. 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Task-dependent effects of dicofol (kelthane) on learning in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58, 177–183. 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(1977). Effects of diflubenzuron fed to caged honey bees. Environ. Entomol. 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Morphological alterations induced by boric acid and fipronil in the midgut of worker honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae: Morphological alterations in the midgut of A. mellifera. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 26(2), 165- 176.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Formic acid","cas":"64-18-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"mL/colony","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"720","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Neurophysiology","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of heat shock proteins in bee brains : molecular indicator of stress","original_reference":"Gunes N, Aydın L Belenli D, Hranitz JM, Mengilig S, Selova S. Stress responses of honey bees to organic acid and essential oil treatments against varroa mites. J Apic Res 2017; 56: 175–81.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"Tihelka, E. \"Effects of Synthetic and Organic Varroacides on Honey Bee Health: A Review.\" Slovenian Veterinary Research 55, no. 3 (2018): 119-40.","pesticide_id":"Formic-acid"},{"pesticide_name":"Spirodiclofen","cas":"148477-71-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 23","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 23","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"196","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Spirodiclofen"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0001618","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0001618","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.04372973","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"4","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of motor activity","original_reference":"Lunardi, J. 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Under laboratory conditions.\"  Pollution Research 36 (3):619-622.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Dimethoate"},{"pesticide_name":"Dithianon","cas":"3347-22-6","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC M","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC M09","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"25.4","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"2","loael_unit_measure":"μM","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Muscle activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of mitochondria respiration : inhibiton of succinate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; inhibition of mitochondrial oxidation of NAD-linked substrates or glycerol 3-phosphate.","original_reference":"Syromyatnikov, M. Y., A. V. Kokina, A. V. Lopatin, A. A. Starkov, and V. N. Popov. \"Evaluation of the Toxicity of Fungicides to Flight Muscle Mitochondria of Bumblebee (Bombus Terrestris L.).\" Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 135 (Jan 2017): 41-46.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Dithianon"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenitrothion","cas":"122-14-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.2","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.16","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.2","loael_unit_measure":"nmol/bee","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Injection","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.25","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Significant hypoglucosemia and hypotrehalosemia; inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by 60%","original_reference":"Bendahou, N., M. 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L).\" Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 44, no. 2 (Oct 1999): 139-46.","reference_year":"1999","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fenitrothion"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.00001","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00001","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.002398082","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"120","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"25 proteins upregulated or downregulated","original_reference":"Roat, T. C., J. R. A. dos Santos-Pinto, L. D. Dos Santos, K. S. Santos, O. Malaspina, and M. S. 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Sandoz JC and Gauthier M, 2009. Effect of fipronil on side-specific antennal tactile learning in the honeybee. Journal of Insect Physiology, 55(12), 1099- 1106.","reference_year":"2009","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Flusilazole","cas":"85509-19-9","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 3 (G1)","survey_inclusion_name":"Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"33.8","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"165","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Flusilazole"},{"pesticide_name":"Folpet","cas":"0133-07-03","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC M","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC M04","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"236","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0121","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0121","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"5.13E-05","sub_tr_category":"<0.0001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Induction of expression of ndufb-7","original_reference":"Christen, Verena, Jana Krebs, and Karl Fent. 2019. “Fungicides Chlorothanolin, Azoxystrobin and Folpet Induce Transcriptional Alterations in Genes Encoding Enzymes Involved in Oxidative Phosphorylation and Metabolism in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) at Sublethal Concentrations.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 377 (September): 215–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.056.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Folpet"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00000612","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00000612","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.001654054","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the rate of the learning (less likely to learn task, decrease of the number of bees that failed to exhibit learned responses) ; 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Nieh. \"A Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist Affects Honey Bee Sucrose Responsiveness and Decreases Waggle Dancing.\" Journal of Experimental Biology 215, no. 12 (Jun 2012): 2022-29.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Diazinon","cas":"333-41-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.09","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.13","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.18","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.085","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"0.653846154","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Precocious foraging","original_reference":"MacKenzie, K. E., and M. L. 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Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metabolism in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 78, 83-92.","reference_year":"2004","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Fluazinam","cas":"79622-59-6","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC C","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 29 (C5)","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fluazinam"},{"pesticide_name":"Flupyradifurone","cas":"951659-40-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4D","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.2","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.066","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee/day","loael_ug_bee":"0.066","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"0.055","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"72","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis cerana","species_details":"Apis cerana","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of olfactory by 48%, Reduction of average memory by 22%","original_reference":"Tan, K., C. Wang, S. Dong, X. Li, and J. C. Nieh. \"The Pesticide Flupyradifurone Impairs Olfactory Learning in Asian Honey Bees (Apis Cerana) Exposed as Larvae or as Adults.\" Sci Rep 7, no. 1 (Dec 19 2017): 17772.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Flupyradifurone"},{"pesticide_name":"Etoxazole","cas":"153233-91-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 10","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 10B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"55","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"50% reduction in reproduction","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Etoxazole"},{"pesticide_name":"Glyphosate","cas":"1071-83-6","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC G","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"7.5","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"672","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution and pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Changes in the cellular ultrastructure of these glands, causing early degeneration of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and morphological and structural changes in the mitochondri","original_reference":"Faita, M. R., E. D. M. Oliveira, V. V. Alves, A. I. Orth, and R. O. Nodari. 2018. \"Changes in hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees (Apis mellifera) induced by pollen-containing sublethal doses of the herbicide Roundup ®.\"  Chemosphere 211:566-572. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.189.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Glyphosate"},{"pesticide_name":"Etofenprox","cas":"80844-07-01","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.093723","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.02387467","contact_ld50_source":"OpenFoodTox| PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0375","loael_unit_measure":"unclear","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.5","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis dorsata","species_details":"Apis dorsata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of THC, Increase of  the percentage of prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes and granulocytes, and decrease of the percentage of oenocytoids and spherulocytes, abnormalities in the haemocytes","original_reference":"Perveen, N., and M. Ahmad. 2017. \"Toxicity of some insecticides to the haemocytes of giant honeybee, Apis dorsata F. under laboratory conditions.\"  Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (5):1016-1022. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.011.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Etofenprox"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0005","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0005","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.135135135","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"288","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of apoptosis in brain","original_reference":"Wu, Y. Y., T. Zhou, Q. Wang, P. L. Dai, S. F. Xu, H. R. Jia, and X. Wang. \"Programmed Cell Death in the Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Worker Brain Induced by Imidacloprid.\" Journal of Economic Entomology 108, no. 4 (Aug 2015): 1486-94.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenoxycarb","cas":"79127-80-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 7","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 7B","survey_inclusion_name":"Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"204","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"204","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"20","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.016264791","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"7.97E-05","sub_tr_category":"<0.0001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"120","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"High variability of eclosion rates after queens were exposed to fenoxycarb,  queen loss and absconding of colonies.  Queen and  nurse bee-mediated effects on brood quality and development which can lead to the queen’s death. ","original_reference":"Milchreit, K., H. Ruhnke, J. Wegener, and K. Bienefeld. 2016. \"Effects of an insect growth regulator and a solvent on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) brood development and queen viability.\"  Ecotoxicology 25 (3):530-537. doi: 10.1007/s10646-016-1611-4.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fenoxycarb"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0004","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0004","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.095923261","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Longer to walk through the 50-cm track in motor activity tests than did bees in the control groups at all observation times.","original_reference":"Bovi, T. S., R. Zaluski, and R. O. Orsi. \"Toxicity and Motor Changes in Africanized Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.) Exposed to Fipronil and Imidacloprid.\" An Acad Bras Cienc 90, no. 1 (Jan-Mar 2018): 239-45.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"4.5","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"264","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Lower levels of responses","original_reference":"Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, E. Genecque, K. Le Menach, H. Budzinski, S. Cluzeau, and M. H. Pham-Delegue. \"Comparative Sublethal Toxicity of Nine Pesticides on Olfactory Learning Performances of the Honeybee Apis Mellifera.\" Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48, no. 2 (Feb 2005): 242-50.","reference_year":"2005","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Flubendiamide","cas":"272451-65-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 28","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 28","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus impatiens","species_details":"Bombus impatiens","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Gradish, A. E., C. D. Scott-Dupree, A. J. Frewin, and G. C. Cutler. \"Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Some Insecticides Recommended for Wild Blueberry on the Pollinator Bombus Impatiens.\" Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 3 (Jun 2012): 478-86.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Flubendiamide"},{"pesticide_name":"Flupyradifurone","cas":"951659-40-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4D","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.2","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.375","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.375","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.3125","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"1","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase in number of bees exhibiting abnormal behaviors: Coordination problems, hyperactivity, abdomen curved-down","original_reference":"Tosi, S., and J. C. Nieh. \"Lethal and Sublethal Synergistic Effects of a New Systemic Pesticide, Flupyradifurone (Sivanto®), on Honeybees.\" Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286, no. 1900 (2019): 20190433.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Flupyradifurone"},{"pesticide_name":"Glyphosate","cas":"1071-83-6","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC G","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"5","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"120","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"16","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of total number of gut bacteria","original_reference":"Motta, E. V. S., K. Raymann, and N. A. Moran. \"Glyphosate Perturbs the Gut Microbiota of Honey Bees.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, no. 41 (2018): 10305-10.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Glyphosate"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0000079","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0000079","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.002135135","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"240","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"a decrease of ROL contents was observed when bees were exposed to 0.2 ng/ml of IMI (F4,29 = 3.09; p < 0.05)","original_reference":"Gauthier, Maxime, Philippe Aras, Joanne Paquin, and Monique Boily. 2018. “Chronic Exposure to Imidacloprid or Thiamethoxam Neonicotinoid Causes Oxidative Damages and Alters Carotenoid-Retinoid Levels in Caged Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera).” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 16274.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Emamectin Benzoate","cas":"155569-91-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 6","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 6","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.035","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Razik, Marama. \"Toxicity and Side Effects of Some Insecticides Applied in Cotton Fields on Apis Mellifera.\" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 5 (Feb 2019): 4987-96.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Emamectin-Benzoate"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0001252","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0001252","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.001545679","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"4","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of motor activity","original_reference":"Lunardi, J. S., R. Zaluski, and R. O. Orsi. \"Evaluation of Motor Changes and Toxicity of Insecticides Fipronil and Imidacloprid in Africanized Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae).\" Sociobiology 64, no. 1 (Mar 2017): 50-56.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Dimethoate","cas":"60-51-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Decreased flight activity","original_reference":"Waller, G.D., Barker, R.J. and Martin, J.H. (1979). Effects of dimethoate on honeybee foraging. Chemosphere U, 461±3.","reference_year":"1979","review_reference":"Thompson, Helen M. \"Behavioural Effects of Pesticides in Bees - Their Potential for Use in Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 12, no. 1/4 (Feb-Aug 2003): 317-30.","pesticide_id":"Dimethoate"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenpyroximate","cas":"134098-61-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 21","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 21A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"118.5","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"15.8","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"50","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"50-75% reduction in drone production. 90% reduction in drone produced","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fenpyroximate"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.000016","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.000016","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.002711864","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Longer to walk through the 50-cm track in motor activity tests than did bees in the control groups at all observation times.","original_reference":"Bovi, T. S., R. Zaluski, and R. O. Orsi. \"Toxicity and Motor Changes in Africanized Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.) Exposed to Fipronil and Imidacloprid.\" An Acad Bras Cienc 90, no. 1 (Jan-Mar 2018): 239-45.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Metaflumizone","cas":"139968-49-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 22","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 22B","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"2.43","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.65","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"μM","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Affects the channels by selectively targeting the recovery from slow inactivated state","original_reference":"P. Gosselin-Badaroudine, P. Charnet, C. Collet and M. Chahine 2017 Metaflumizone inhibits the honeybee Na<inf>V</inf>1 channel by targeting recovery from slow inactivation FEBS Letters","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Metaflumizone"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"2","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"96","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Additional decrease in attendance at the feeder","original_reference":"Colin M, Bonmatin J, Moineau I, Gaimon C, Brun S and Vermandere J, 2004. A method to quantify an analyze the foraging activity of honey bees: relevance to the sublethal effects induced by systemic insecticides. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47, 387-395.","reference_year":"2004","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Glyphosate","cas":"1071-83-6","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC G","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.5","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.5","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.005","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"1","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Orientation/navigation","sublethal _effect_details":"More time spent performing homeward flights, and more indirect homing flights","original_reference":"Balbuena, M. S., L. Tison, M. L. Hahn, U. Greggers, R. Menzel, and W. M. Farina. \"Effects of Sublethal Doses of Glyphosate on Honeybee Navigation.\" Journal of Experimental Biology 218, no. 17 (Sep 2015): 2799-805.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Glyphosate"},{"pesticide_name":"Hexythiazox","cas":"78587-05-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 10","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 10A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"112.0999554","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"3","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"50-75% reduction in drone production","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Hexythiazox"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.015","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.0000122","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.003296917","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"192","time_of_significant_effect":"96","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Alterations in midgut cells of bees as nuclear and mitochondrial damage, increase of vacuole, increase in the expession of proteins (vascular endothelial gowth factor receptor, amyloid protein precursor, protein kinase C), decrease of the expression of acetilcholyn receptor alpha-1","original_reference":"Catae, A. F., T. C. Roat, M. Pratavieira, A. R. Silva Menegasso, M. S. Palma, and O. Malaspina. \"Exposure to a Sublethal Concentration of Imidacloprid and the Side Effects on Target and Nontarget Organs of Apis Mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae).\" Ecotoxicology 27, no. 2 (2018): 109-21.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00004","loael_unit_measure":"μg/larva","loael_ug_bee":"0.00004","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.000493827","sub_tr_category":"<0.001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"96","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Impairment of the olfactory associative behaviour of adult bees if they were treated with imidacloprid in the larval stage","original_reference":"Yang, E. C., H. C. Chang, W. Y. Wu, and Y. W. Chen. \"Impaired Olfactory Associative Behavior of Honeybee Workers Due to Contamination of Imidacloprid in the Larval Stage.\" Plos One 7, no. 11 (Nov 2012).","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Dimethoate","cas":"60-51-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.1","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.12","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.12","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera carnica","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Activation of the cellular response, increase of THC and DHC","original_reference":"Lopez, J. H., S. Krainer, A. Engert, W. Schuehly, U. Riessberger-Galle, and K. Crailsheim. \"Sublethal Pesticide Doses Negatively Affect Survival and the Cellular Responses in American Foulbrood-Infected Honeybee Larvae.\" Sci Rep 7 (Feb 1 2017): 40853.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Dimethoate"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenthion-sulfone","cas":"3761-42-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fenthion-sulfone"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenoxycarb","cas":"79127-80-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 7","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 7B","survey_inclusion_name":"Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"204","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"204","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0264","loael_unit_measure":"mL/bee","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"168","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Effect on colony viability (brood mortality), effect on the ability of the colony to overwinter and the ability of the colony to requeen itself as none of the treated queens were mated","original_reference":"Thompson, H. M., S. Wilkins, A. H. Battersby, R. J. Waite, and D. Wilkinson. \"The Effects of Four Insect Growth-Regulating (Igr) Insecticides on Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.) Colony Development, Queen Rearing and Drone Sperm Production.\" Ecotoxicology 14, no. 7 (Oct 2005): 757-69.","reference_year":"2005","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fenoxycarb"},{"pesticide_name":"Fenvalerate","cas":"51630-58-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.23","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.05","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.05","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Slower learning of odour mediated response","original_reference":"Taylor, K;, G; Waller, and L; Crowder. \"Impairement of a Classical Conditioned Responde of the Honey Bee by Sublethal Doses of Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides.\" Apidologie 18, no. 3 (1987): 243-52.","reference_year":"1987","review_reference":"Thompson, Helen M. \"BehaviouralEffects of Pesticides in Bees - Their Potential for Use in Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 12, no. 1/4 (Feb-Aug 2003): 317-30.","pesticide_id":"Fenvalerate"},{"pesticide_name":"Pronamide","cas":"23950-58-5","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC K1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC K1","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"136","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Pronamide"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.0004","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0004","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.095923261","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"672","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the number of pupae and larvae that developed, decrease of egg hatchability","original_reference":"Zaluski, Rodrigo, Samir Moura Kadri, Diego Peres Alonso, Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla, and Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi. 2015. “Fipronil Promotes Motor and Behavioral Changes in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) and Affects the Development of Colonies Exposed to Sublethal Doses.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34 (5): 1062–1069.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Fipronil","cas":"120068-37-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00417","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0059","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.1","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"480","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of spermatozoa concentration and sperm viability, increase of sperm metabolic rate- impairement of drone fertility","original_reference":"Kairo, Guillaume, Bertille Provost, Sylvie Tchamitchian, Faten Ben Abdelkader, Marc Bonnet, Marianne Cousin, Jacques Sénéchal, Pauline Benet, André Kretzschmar, and Luc P. Belzunces. 2016. “Drone Exposure to the Systemic Insecticide Fipronil Indirectly Impairs Queen Reproductive Potential.” Scientific Reports 6: 31904.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fipronil"},{"pesticide_name":"Fludioxonil","cas":"131341-86-1","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC E","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 12 (E2)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"40","loael_unit_measure":"μM","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Stimulated oxygen consumption, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential by 50%","original_reference":"Syromyatnikov, M. Y., A. V. Kokina, A. V. Lopatin, A. A. Starkov, and V. N. Popov. \"Evaluation of the Toxicity of Fungicides to Flight Muscle Mitochondria of Bumblebee (Bombus Terrestris L.).\" Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 135 (Jan 2017): 41-46.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Fludioxonil"},{"pesticide_name":"Flupyradifurone","cas":"951659-40-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4D","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.2","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.2","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"1.2","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"1","sub_tr_category":"≥1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"0.25","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Summer bees: circle walks, lay on their back ; Winter bees: immobility, short duration of walking ","original_reference":"Hesselbach, H., and R. Scheiner. \"The Novel Pesticide Flupyradifurone (Sivanto) Affects Honeybee Motor Abilities.\" Ecotoxicology 28, no. 3 (Apr 2019): 354-66.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Flupyradifurone"},{"pesticide_name":"Formic acid","cas":"64-18-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Alteration of some metabolic responses: detoxification gene expression pathways, component of the immune system responsible for cellular resopnse","original_reference":"Boncristiani, H., R. Underwood, R. Schwarz, J. D. Evans, J. Pettis, and D. vanEngelsdorp. \"Direct Effect of Varroacides on Pathogen Loads and Gene Expression Levels in Honey Bees Apis Mellifera.\" Journal of Insect Physiology 58, no. 5 (May 2012): 613-20.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Formic-acid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0007","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.000000569","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.000153856","sub_tr_category":"<0.001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"76","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of food intake: resulting in oxidative damage","original_reference":"Balieira, K. V. B., M. Mazzo, P. F. V. Bizerra, Ards Guimares, D. Nicodemo, and F. E. Mingatto. 2018. \"Imidacloprid-induced oxidative stress in honey bees and the antioxidant action of caffeine.\"  Apidologie 49 (5):562-572. doi: 10.1007/s13592-018-0583-1.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Linuron","cas":"330-55-2","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC C2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC C2","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"160","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"120.9","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1000","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced feeding","original_reference":"Elliott, R. H., D. Cmiralova, and W. G. Wellington. 1979. \"OLFACTORY REPELLENCY OF HERBICIDES TO FORAGING HONEY BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE).\"  Canadian Entomologist 111 (10):1131-1135. doi: 10.4039/Ent1111131-10.","reference_year":"1979","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Linuron"},{"pesticide_name":"Flucycloxuron","cas":"113036-88-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 15","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 15","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Flucycloxuron"},{"pesticide_name":"Flupyradifurone","cas":"951659-40-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4D","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.2","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.2","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"1.2","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"1","sub_tr_category":"≥1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Less frequent responses to the sucrose concentration, reduction in GRS, lower GRS in PER test (nectar foragers only), inhibition of the learning performances, lower learning curve, lower memory performances (pollen foragers only)","original_reference":"Hesselbach, H., and R. Scheiner. \"Effects of the Novel Pesticide Flupyradifurone (Sivanto) on Honeybee Taste and Cognition.\" Sci Rep 8, no. 1 (Mar 21 2018): 4954.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Flupyradifurone"},{"pesticide_name":"Formetanate hydrochloride","cas":"23422-53-9","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.16","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"1.04","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"237","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"72","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of catalase activity, increase of glutathione-S-transferase activity","original_reference":"Staron, M., R. Sabo, A. Sobekova, L. Sabova, J. Legath, L. Lohajova, and P. Javorsky. \"Formetanate Toxicity and Changes in Antioxidant Enzyme System of Apis Mellifera Larvae.\" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 16 (Jun 2017): 14060-70.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Formetanate-hydrochloride"},{"pesticide_name":"Amitraz","cas":"33089-61-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 19","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 19","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"50","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"30","loael_unit_measure":"µM","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"240","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Muscle activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of the heart rate ; Alteration of cardiac function (most likely through interaction with octopamine receptors)","original_reference":"O'Neal, S. T., C. C. Brewster, J. R. Bloomquist, and T. D. Anderson. 2017. \"Amitraz and its metabolite modulate honey bee cardiac function and tolerance to viral infection.\"  Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 149:119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.005.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Amitraz"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.024","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.0000195","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.005275067","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of associatiove learning, negative effect on the PER assay","original_reference":"Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Charreton, and M. H. Pham-Delegue. \"Effects of Imidacloprid and Deltamethrin on Associative Learning in Honeybees under Semi-Field and Laboratory Conditions.\" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 57, no. 3 (Mar 2004): 410-9.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"Blacquiere, T., G. Smagghe, C. A. M. van Gestel, and V. Mommaerts. \"Neonicotinoids in Bees: A Review on Concentrations, Side-Effects and Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 21, no. 4 (May 2012): 973-92.","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Carbaryl","cas":"63-25-2","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.21","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.14","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"15","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Failed to exhibit any conditioned responses, no learning is evident","original_reference":"Abramson, C. I., I. S. Aquino, F. S. Ramalho, and J. M. Price. \"The Effect of Insecticides on Learning in the Africanized Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.).\" Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37, no. 4 (Nov 1999): 529-35.","reference_year":"1999","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Carbaryl"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.000137","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.000137","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.037027027","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"More time spent grooming; impairment of the righting reflex (more time spent upside down); loss of postural control; more time spent laying on their back; and longer bouts","original_reference":"Williamson, S. M., S. J. Willis, and G. A. Wright. \"Exposure to Neonicotinoids Influences the Motor Function of Adult Worker Honeybees.\" Ecotoxicology 23, no. 8 (Oct 2014): 1409-18.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00021","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00021","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.056756757","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Higher sucrose response","original_reference":"Eiri, D. M., and J. C. Nieh. \"A Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist Affects Honey Bee Sucrose Responsiveness and Decreases Waggle Dancing.\" Journal of Experimental Biology 215, no. 12 (Jun 2012): 2022-29.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00025","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00025","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.00308642","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.25","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced performance and decrease of % PER in testing for memory retention for 2-3 days/old bees","original_reference":"Goñalons, C. M., and W. M. Farina. \"Effects of Sublethal Doses of Imidacloprid on Young Adult Honeybee Behaviour.\" PLoS ONE 10, no. 10 (2015).","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00025","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00025","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.067567568","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced PER on bees of all ages, in the training phase; reduced % of conditioned responses in memory retention tests of bees up to 6 day old","original_reference":"Goñalons, C. M., and W. M. Farina. \"Effects of Sublethal Doses of Imidacloprid on Young Adult Honeybee Behaviour.\" PLoS ONE 10, no. 10 (2015).","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00125","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00125","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.015432099","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Effect on PER habituation  - negative effect on mobility","original_reference":"Lambin et al. 2001","reference_year":"2001","review_reference":"Blacquiere, T., G. Smagghe, C. A. M. van Gestel, and V. Mommaerts. \"Neonicotinoids in Bees: A Review on Concentrations, Side-Effects and Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 21, no. 4 (May 2012): 973-92.","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00128","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00128","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.345945946","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the number of bees that could perform the spaced learning task, effect on bee's ability to learn the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association during both massed and spaced conditioning","original_reference":"Williamson, Sally M., Daniel D. Baker, and Geraldine A. Wright. 2013. “Acute Exposure to a Sublethal Dose of Imidacloprid and Coumaphos Enhances Olfactory Learning and Memory in the Honeybee Apis Mellifera.” Invertebrate Neuroscience 13 (1): 63–70.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0001","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0001","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.001234568","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.25","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase in the number of triald needed for habituation in 7days/old bees; decrease of that number in 8d/o bees","original_reference":"Guez, D., S. Suchail, M. Gauthier, R. Maleszka, and L. P. Belzunces. \"Contrasting Effects of Imidacloprid on Habituation in 7- and 8-Day-Old Honeybees (Apis Mellifera).\" Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 76, no. 2 (Sep 2001): 183-91.","reference_year":"2001","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0001","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0001","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.027027027","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis cerana","species_details":"Apis cerana","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced olfactory learning acquisition","original_reference":"Tan, Ken, Weiwen Chen, Shihao Dong, Xiwen Liu, Yuchong Wang, and James C. Nieh. 2015. “A Neonicotinoid Impairs Olfactory Learning in Asian Honey Bees (Apis Cerana) Exposed as Larvae or as Adults.” Scientific Reports 5: 10989.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00024","loael_unit_measure":"μg/larva","loael_ug_bee":"0.00024","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.064864865","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"144","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis cerana","species_details":"Apis cerana","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Impaired olfactory learning when tested as adults","original_reference":"Tan, Ken, Weiwen Chen, Shihao Dong, Xiwen Liu, Yuchong Wang, and James C. Nieh. 2015. “A Neonicotinoid Impairs Olfactory Learning in Asian Honey Bees (Apis Cerana) Exposed as Larvae or as Adults.” Scientific Reports 5: 10989.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.000809","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.000809","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.218648649","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of the basal labyrinth; early vacuolization of the cytoplasm; increase of the frequency and intensity of pyknotic nuceli and loss of part of the cell into the lumen","original_reference":"Rossi, C. D., T. C. Roat, D. A. Tavares, P. Cintra-Socolowski, and O. Malaspina. \"Effects of Sublethal Doses of Imidacloprid in Malpighian Tubules of Africanized Apis Mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae).\" Microscopy Research and Technique 76, no. 5 (May 2013): 552-58.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.000809","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.000809","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.218648649","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"240","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Loss of the basal labyrinth in the Malpighian tubules, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, increase frequency and intensity of pyknotic nuclei and loss of part of the cell into the lumen, more strongly strained nuclei indicating higher level of chromatin compaction, positive nuclei reaction","original_reference":"Rossi, Caroline de Almeida, Thaisa Cristina Roat, Daiana Antonia Tavares, Priscila Cintra‐Socolowski, and Osmar Malaspina. 2013. “Effects of Sublethal Doses of Imidacloprid in Malpighian Tubules of Africanized Apis Mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae).” Microscopy Research and Technique 76 (5): 552–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.22199.","reference_year":"2013","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0015","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0015","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.405405405","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"3","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of foraging activity and longer foraging flights","original_reference":"Schneider, Christof W., Jürgen Tautz, Bernd Grünewald, and Stefan Fuchs. 2012. “RFID Tracking of Sublethal Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides on the Foraging Behavior of Apis Mellifera.” PloS One 7 (1): e30023.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0015","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0015","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.405405405","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"96","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Impairment of aversive short-term learning and memory retention.","original_reference":"Zhang, E., and J. C. Nieh. \"The Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid Impairs Honey Bee Aversive Learning of Simulated Predation.\" Journal of Experimental Biology 218, no. 20 (Oct 2015): 3199-205.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.002","loael_unit_measure":"μg/larva","loael_ug_bee":"0.002","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.024691358","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"96","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"578 genes showed more than 2-fold changes in gene expression","original_reference":"Wu, M. C., Y. W. Chang, K. H. Lu, and E. C. Yang. \"Gene Expression Changes in Honey Bees Induced by Sublethal Imidacloprid Exposure During the Larval Stage.\" Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 88 (Sep 2017): 12-20.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0043","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0043","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"1.162162162","sub_tr_category":"≥1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"48","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Downregulation of carboxylesterase (CCE), prophenol oxidase (PPO), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Elevated activity of Glutathione-S-transferase (GST).","original_reference":"Li, Z. G., M. Li, J. F. He, X. M. Zhao, V. Chaimanee, W. F. Huang, H. Y. Nie, Y. Z. Zhao, and S. K. Su. \"Differential PhysiologicalEffects of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Honey Bees: A Comparison between Apis Mellifera and Apis Cerana.\" Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 140 (Aug 2017): 1-8.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Acetamiprid","cas":"135410-20-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"14.53","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"8.09","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.1","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.1","loael_category":"<1","sub_tr":"0.006882312","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Increased of sensitivity to antennal stimulation by sucrose solutions; impairment of long term retention of olfactory learning. Decrease in sucrose responsiveness (PER to sucrose), increase in the PER of water, lower performances (olfactory learning and memory)","original_reference":"El Hassani, A. K., M. Dacher, V. Gary, M. Lambin, M. Gauthier, and C. Armengaud. \"Effects of Sublethal Doses of Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam on the Behavior of the Honeybee (Apis Mellifera).\" Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54, no. 4 (May 2008): 653-61.","reference_year":"2008","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Acetamiprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Alpha-endosulfan","cas":"959-98-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 2A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"7.81","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"8","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"264","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Lower level of responses","original_reference":"Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, E. Genecque, K. Le Menach, H. Budzinski, S. Cluzeau, and M. H. Pham-Delegue. \"Comparative Sublethal Toxicity of Nine Pesticides on Olfactory Learning Performances of the Honeybee Apis Mellifera.\" Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48, no. 2 (Feb 2005): 242-50.","reference_year":"2005","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Alpha-endosulfan"},{"pesticide_name":"Azinphos-methyl","cas":"86-50-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.15","oral_ld50_source":"Ecotox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.42","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Acetylcholinesterase activity reduced (low activity); reduction of the vigour of the colonies","original_reference":"Needham, P. H., and J. H. Stevenson. \"The Toxicity to Foraging Honeybees, Apis Mellifera, of Endosulfan, Malathion and Azinphos‐Methyl Applied to Flowering Oil Seed Rape, Brassica Napus.\" Annals of Applied Biology 75, no. 2 (1973): 235-40.","reference_year":"1973","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Azinphos-methyl"},{"pesticide_name":"Boscalid","cas":"188425-85-6","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC C","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 7 (C2)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"Simon-Delso, N., G. S. Martin, E. Bruneau, and L. Hautier. \"Time-to-Death Approach to Reveal Chronic and Cumulative Toxicity of a Fungicide for Honeybees Not Revealed with the Standard Ten-Day Test.\" Scientific Reports 8 (May 2018).","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"Degrandi-Hoffman, G., Y. P. Chen, E. W. Dejong, M. L. Chambers, and G. Hidalgo. \"Effects of Oral Exposure to Fungicides on Honey Bee Nutrition and Virus Levels.\" Journal of Economic Entomology 108, no. 6 (Dec 2015): 2518-28.","pesticide_id":"Boscalid"},{"pesticide_name":"Chlorantraniliprole","cas":"500008-45-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 28","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 28","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"104.1","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"4","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"3","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.002439719","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"25","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Partamona and Scaptotrigona","species":"Multiple non-Apis","species_details":"Partamona helleri, Scaptotrigona xanthotrica","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Flight take-off impairment: reduction of individuals taking-off for flight and the number reaching the light source","original_reference":"Tome, H. V. V., W. F. Barbosa, A. S. Corrêa, L. M. Gontijo, G. F. Martins, and R. N. C. Guedes. 2015. \"Reduced-risk insecticides in Neotropical stingless bee species: Impact on survival and activity.\"  Annals of Applied Biology 167 (2):186-196. doi: 10.1111/aab.12217.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Chlorantraniliprole"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0005","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.0005","loael_category":"<0.001","sub_tr":"0.12957564","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"3","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of foraging activity and longer foraging flights","original_reference":"Schneider, Christof W., Jürgen Tautz, Bernd Grünewald, and Stefan Fuchs. 2012. “RFID Tracking of Sublethal Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides on the Foraging Behavior of Apis Mellifera.” PloS One 7 (1): e30023.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Clothianidin","cas":"210880-92-5","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00385875","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0321642","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"5","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution and pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Higher respiration rates ; protein, lipid, carbohydrates, glycogen levels similar to newly emerges bees","original_reference":"Cook, Steven C. 2019. “Compound and Dose-Dependent Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Pesticides on Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) Metabolic Physiology.” Insects 10 (1): 18.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Clothianidin"},{"pesticide_name":"Coumaphos","cas":"56-72-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"4610","oral_ld50_source":"Bohme et al, 2018","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"100","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Alters the expression of some genes related to detoxification, Behaviouralmaturation, immunity","original_reference":"Schmehl DR, Teal PE, Frazier JL, Grozinger CM. Genomic analysis of the interaction between pesticide exposure and nutrition in honey bees (Apis mellifera). J Insect Physiol 2014; 71: 177–90.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"Tihelka, E. \"Effects of Synthetic and Organic Varroacides on Honey Bee Health: A Review.\" Slovenian Veterinary Research 55, no. 3 (2018): 119-40.","pesticide_id":"Coumaphos"},{"pesticide_name":"Norflurazon","cas":"27314-13-2","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC F1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC F1","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"236","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Norflurazon"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"50","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"216","main_feed_type_category":"Proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Drop in average body weight, decrease in the Vg levelof adult workers","original_reference":"Abbo, P. M., J. K. Kawasaki, M. Hamilton, S. C. Cook, G. DeGrandi-Hoffman, W. F. Li, J. Liu, and Y. P. Chen. \"Effects of Imidacloprid and Varroa Destructor on Survival and Health of European Honey Bees, Apis Mellifera.\" Insect Science 24, no. 3 (Jun 2017): 467-77.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.7","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Negative effect on microbial gut community composition","original_reference":"Diaz, Tsiri, Ek del-Val, Ricardo Ayala, and John Larsen. 2019. “Alterations in Honey Bee Gut Microorganisms Caused by Nosema Spp. and Pest Control Methods.” Pest Management Science 75 (3): 835–843.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"50","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of the percentages of abnormal foraging behavior","original_reference":"Yang, E. C., Y. C. Chuang, Y. L. Chen, and L. H. Chang. \"Abnormal Foraging Behavior Induced by Sublethal Dosage of Imidacloprid in the Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae).\" Journal of Economic Entomology 101, no. 6 (Dec 2008): 1743-48.","reference_year":"2008","review_reference":"Blacquiere, T., G. Smagghe, C. A. M. van Gestel, and V. Mommaerts. \"Neonicotinoids in Bees: A Review on Concentrations, Side-Effects and Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 21, no. 4 (May 2012): 973-92.","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Methoxyfenozide","cas":"161050-58-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 18","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 18","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"200","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"1512","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Significant reduced rate of weight loss due to forager departure in the morning; higher temperature variability during the winter","original_reference":"Meikle, W. G., V. Corby-Harris, M. J. Carroll, M. Weiss, L. A. Snyder, C. A. D. Meador, E. Beren, and N. Brown. \"Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Methoxyfenozide Disrupts Honey Bee Colony Activity and Thermoregulation.\" Plos One 14, no. 3 (Mar 2019).","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Methoxyfenozide"},{"pesticide_name":"Myclobutanil","cas":"88671-89-0","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 3 (G1)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"33.9","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"33.9","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.79","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"1.79","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"0.05280236","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis cerana","species_details":"Apis cerana cerana","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Muscle activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of the respiration rate - Increase for ECOD activity","original_reference":"Han, W. S., Y. J. Wang, J. L. Gao, S. J. Wang, S. Zhao, J. F. Liu, Y. H. Zhong, and D. X. Zhao. \"Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Myclobutanil on Respiration, Flight and Detoxification Enzymes in Apis Cerana Cerana.\" Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 147 (May 2018): 133-38.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Myclobutanil"},{"pesticide_name":"Pristine (pyraclostrobin + boscalid)","cas":"NA","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"6.6","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Muscle activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of state 3 respiration rates and RCR (respiratory control ratio)","original_reference":"Campbell, J. B., R. Nath, J. Gadau, T. Fox, G. DeGrandi-Hoffman, and J. F. Harrison. \"The Fungicide Pristine (R) Inhibits Mitochondrial Function in Vitro but Not Flight Metabolic Rates in Honey Bees.\" Journal of Insect Physiology 86 (Mar 2016): 11-16.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Pristine-(pyraclostrobin + boscalid)"},{"pesticide_name":"Pyriproxyfen","cas":"95737-68-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 7","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 7C","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"86.02325267","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"74","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.023","loael_unit_measure":"μg/larva","loael_ug_bee":"0.023","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"0.00026737","sub_tr_category":"<0.001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Earlier emergence, young treated bees were more frequently rejected by nestmates from the colony, inducing a shorter life span","original_reference":"Fourrier J, Deschamps M, Droin L, Alaux C, Fortini D, Beslay D, et al. (2015) Larval Exposure to the Juvenile Hormone Analog Pyriproxyfen Disrupts Acceptance of and Social Behavior Performance in Adult Honeybees. 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Lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Osmia lignaria and clothianidin on Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: megachilidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101, 784-796.","reference_year":"2008","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.7","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"672","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of worker foraging efficiency and more failure to return to the nest","original_reference":"Feltham, H., Park, K. & Goulson, 2014. \"Field realistic doses of pesticide imidacloprid reduce bumblebee pollen foraging efficiency.\" D. 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Gobin, L. Arckens, R. Huybrechts, and J. Billen. \"The Effects of Four Crop Protection Products on the Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Hypopharyngeal Gland of the European Honeybee, Apis Mellifera.\" Apidologie 42, no. 1 (Jan 2011): 103-16.","reference_year":"2011","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Captan"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.6","loael_unit_measure":"unclear","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.5","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis dorsata","species_details":"Apis dorsata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of THC, increase of the percentage of prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes and granulocytes, decrease of the percentage of oenocytoids and spherulocytes","original_reference":"Perveen, N., and M. Ahmad. 2017. \"Toxicity of some insecticides to the haemocytes of giant honeybee, Apis dorsata F. under laboratory conditions.\"  Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (5):1016-1022. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.011.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"50","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Negative effect on foraging behaviour","original_reference":"Yang, E. C., Y. C. Chuang, Y. L. Chen, and L. H. Chang. \"Abnormal Foraging Behavior Induced by Sublethal Dosage of Imidacloprid in the Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae).\" Journal of Economic Entomology 101, no. 6 (Dec 2008): 1743-48.","reference_year":"2008","review_reference":"Blacquiere, T., G. Smagghe, C. A. M. van Gestel, and V. Mommaerts. \"Neonicotinoids in Bees: A Review on Concentrations, Side-Effects and Risk Assessment.\" Ecotoxicology 21, no. 4 (May 2012): 973-92.","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Metolachlor","cas":"51218-45-2","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC K3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC K3","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"110","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"110","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.005","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.005","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"4.55E-05","sub_tr_category":"<0.0001","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"240","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increased consumption of syrup with time, Increased levels of at-ROH and lutein with increasing doses","original_reference":"Helmer, S. H., A. Kerbaol, P. Aras, C. Jumarie, and M. Boily. \"Effects of Realistic Doses of Atrazine, Metolachlor, and Glyphosate on Lipid Peroxidation and Diet-Derived Antioxidants in Caged Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera).\" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22, no. 11 (Jun 2015): 8010-21.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Metolachlor"},{"pesticide_name":"Oxalic Acid","cas":"144-62-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"175","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"175","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease in worker activity,nursing behaviour and longevity, more self grooming, higher response in olfactory condition","original_reference":"Schneider, S., D. Eisenhardt, and E. Rademacher. \"Sublethal Effects of Oxalic Acid on Apis Mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Changes in Behaviour and Longevity.\" Apidologie 43, no. 2 (Mar 2012): 218-25.","reference_year":"2012","review_reference":"Tihelka, E. \"Effects of Synthetic and Organic Varroacides on Honey Bee Health: A Review.\" Slovenian Veterinary Research 55, no. 3 (2018): 119-40.","pesticide_id":"Oxalic-Acid"},{"pesticide_name":"Permethrin","cas":"52645-53-1","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.13","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.024","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.013","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.013","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Decreased learning ability, abnormal behaviour (antennae cleaning, rubing together of gind legs)","original_reference":"Mamood, A.N. and Waller, G.D. (1990). Recovery of learning responses by honeybees following sublethal exposure to perme- thrin. Physiol. Entomol. 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E. C., F. C. Abdalla, P. J. Balsamo, B. V. R. Pereira, M. A. Hausen, M. J. Costa, and E. C. M. Silva-Zacarin. \"Thiamethoxam and Picoxystrobin Reduce the Survival and Overload the Hepato-Nephrocitic System of the Africanized Honeybee.\" Chemosphere 186 (Nov 2017): 994-1005.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Picoxystrobin"},{"pesticide_name":"Phenthoate","cas":"2597-03-07","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Phenthoate"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"μM","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Injection","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease in intensity and number of excitation response","original_reference":"Andrione, Mara, Giorgio Vallortigara, Renzo Antolini, and Albrecht Haase. 2016. “Neonicotinoid-Induced Impairment of Odour Coding in the Honeybee.” Scientific Reports 6 (December): 38110.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"672","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the pollen foraging performance (chronic behavioural impairment), less pollen collected, longer duration to cllect pollen, more unsuccessful pollen foraging bouts","original_reference":"Gill, Richard J., and Nigel E. Raine. 2014. “Chronic Impairment of Bumblebee Natural Foraging Behaviour Induced by Sublethal Pesticide Exposure.” Functional Ecology 28 (6): 1459–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12292.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"48","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduce syrup consumption, foraging activity and brood size","original_reference":"Ramirez Romeo et al. 2005","reference_year":"2005","review_reference":"Blacquiere, T., G. Smagghe, C. A. M. van Gestel, and V. 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(1986). Comparative morphogenic and toxicity studies on the effect of pesticides on honeybee brood. J. Apicult. Res. 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Belzunces, and J. M. 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Esterase activity in Apis mellifera after exposure to organophosphate insecticides (Hymenoptera: Apidae). 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Panini, O. Chiesa, V. Puggioni, M. Anaclerio, H. Vinsova, M. Kamler, D. Titera, and E. Mazzoni. \"In Vitro Study on the Inhibition of Enzymatic Systems in Italian and Carniolan Honey Bees by Piperonyl Butoxide New Derivatives.\" Bulletin of Insectology 70, no. 2 (Dec 2017): 237-44.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Piperonyl-butoxide"},{"pesticide_name":"Procymidone","cas":"32809-16-8","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC E","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 2 (E3)","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Procymidone"},{"pesticide_name":"Propanil","cas":"709-98-8","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC C2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC C2","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"94.3","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Propanil"},{"pesticide_name":"Pymetrozine","cas":"123312-89-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 9","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 9B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"117","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"5","loael_unit_measure":"μL","loael_ug_bee":"70","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"0.598290598","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.5","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera (buckfast)","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Effect on learning procedure - Affect Pavlovian conditioning - Affects the acquisition, the extinction and the discrimination of the conditioned PER in honey bees. ","original_reference":"Abramson, C. I., M. B. Sokolowski, E. A. Brown, and S. Pilard. \"The Effect of Pymetrozine (Plenum Wg-50) on Proboscis Extension Conditioning in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera: Hybrid Var. 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A method to quantify an analyze the foraging activity of honey bees: relevance to the sublethal effects induced by systemic insecticides. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47, 387-395.","reference_year":"2004","review_reference":"EFSA Panel on Plant Protection, and their Residues (PPR). 2012. “Scientific Opinion on the Science behind the Development of a Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products on Bees (Apis Mellifera, Bombus Spp. and Solitary Bees).” EFSA Journal 10 (5): 2668.","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy","cas":"66753-07-09","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC C1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC C1","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy"},{"pesticide_name":"Lambda-cyhalothrin","cas":"91465-08-06","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.91","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.038","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.4919","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.001213272","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.001333266","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"72","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Lower proportion of correct responses and lower homing rate at 2000m compared to control group; lower expression level of Nmdar1 gene and GluRA gene","original_reference":"Liao, C. H., X. J. He, Z. L. Wang, A. B. Barron, B. Zhang, Z. J. Zeng, and X. B. Wu. \"Short-Term Exposure to Lambda-Cyhalothrin Negatively Affects the Survival and Memory-Related Characteristics of Worker Bees Apis Mellifera.\" Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75, no. 1 (Jul 2018): 59-65.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Lambda-cyhalothrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Indoxacarb","cas":"173584-44-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 22","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 22A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.232","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.08","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"300","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"336","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the acini diameters as the bee grew older.","original_reference":"Heylen, Kevin, Bruno Gobin, Lutgarde Arckens, Roger Huybrechts, and Johan Billen. \"The Effects of Four Crop Protection Products on the Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Hypopharyngeal Gland of the European Honeybee, Apis Mellifera.\" Apidologie 42, no. 1 (Jan 2011): 103-16.","reference_year":"2011","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Indoxacarb"},{"pesticide_name":"Lambda-cyhalothrin","cas":"91465-08-06","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.91","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.038","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.5","loael_unit_measure":"g/bee/week","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"336","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Production of smaller workers","original_reference":"Baron, G. L., N. E. Raine, and M. J. F. Brown. \"Impact of Chronic Exposure to a Pyrethroid Pesticide on Bumblebees and Interactions with a Trypanosome Parasite.\" Journal of Applied Ecology 51, no. 2 (Apr 2014): 460-69.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Lambda-cyhalothrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Novaluron","cas":"116714-46-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 15","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 15","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"100","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Delay of pupation, lead to adults with deformed wings and cuticle","original_reference":"Fine, J. D., C. A. Mullin, M. T. Frazier, and R. D. Reynolds. \"Field Residues and Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator Novaluron and Its Major Co-Formulant N -Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone on Honey Bee Reproduction and Development.\" Journal of Economic Entomology 110, no. 5 (2017): 1993-2001.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"Nadaf, A. M., S. S. Udikeri, and H. N. Sattigi. \"Safety of Novaluron to Honey Bees Apis Cerena Indica Fab.\" Pestology 30, no. 4 (2006): 12-14.","pesticide_id":"Novaluron"},{"pesticide_name":"Oxymatrine","cas":"16837-52-8","pesticide_type":"NA","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"5","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":"0.004066198","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"24","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of AChe activity of bees thorax (most significant), head and abdomen (abdomen: lowest level of AChE), inhibition of  the specific activity of ATPase in bee abdomen (most significant), head and thorax; ATPase reduction in the bee thorax (maximum inhibition percentage), head and abdomen.","original_reference":"Rabea, E. I., H. M. Nasr, and M. E. I. Badawy. 2010. \"Toxic Effect and Biochemical Study of Chlorfluazuron, Oxymatrine, and Spinosad on Honey Bees (Apis mellifera).\"  Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58 (3):722-732. doi: 10.1007/s00244-009-9403-y.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Oxymatrine"},{"pesticide_name":"Parathion-methyl","cas":"298-00-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"Pacific North West, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"19.5","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"500","loael_unit_measure":"g/ha","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of the foraging activity with no return to normal the next day, reduction of pollen collection- effect on hive development","original_reference":"Shires, Stephen W., Andrew Murray, Phillippe Debray, and Jean Le Blanc. 1984. “The Effects of a New Pyrethroid Insecticide WL-85871 on Foraging Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.).” Pesticide Science 15 (5): 491–499.","reference_year":"1984","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Parathion-methyl"},{"pesticide_name":"Pyridaben","cas":"96489-71-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 21","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 21A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.535","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.024","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"75","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus terrestris","species_details":"Bombus terrestris","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Reproduction","sublethal _effect_details":"Very detrimental effect- total loss of reproduction","original_reference":"Besard, L., V. Mommaerts, J. Vandeven, X. Cuvelier, G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Pyridaben"},{"pesticide_name":"Resmethrin","cas":"10453-86-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.063","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.013","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.013","loael_category":"<0.1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"12","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of esterase activity (decreased by 23%)","original_reference":"Pokhrel, V., N. 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Healy. \"Effects of Truck-Mounted, Ultra Low Volume Mosquito Adulticides on Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera) in a Suburban Field Setting.\" Plos One 13, no. 3 (Mar 2018).","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Resmethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Spinosad","cas":"168316-95-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 5","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 5","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.057","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0036","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.8","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"504","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Pollen","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus impatiens","species_details":"Bombus impatiens","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Adult worker bees exposed to spinosad during larval development were slower foragers on artificial complex flower arrays","original_reference":"Morandin, L. A., M. L. Winston, M. T. Franklin, and V. A. Abbott. \"Lethal and Sub-Lethal Effects of Spinosad on Bumble Bees (Bombus Impatiens Cresson).\" Pest Management Science 61, no. 7 (Jul 2005): 619-26.","reference_year":"2005","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Spinosad"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"10","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Longer development rate","original_reference":"Dai, Pingli, Cameron J. 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Smagghe. \"Compatibility of Traditional and Novel Varroacides with Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris): A First Laboratory Assessment of Toxicity and Sublethal Effects.\" Pest Management Science 66, no. 7 (Jul 2010): 786-93.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Tebufenpyrad"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"5","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"1800","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of the level of protein in tissue extracts (by 7% for the lowest dose and increased with time); decrease of the activity of protease","original_reference":"Wilde, J., R. 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Bounias. \"The Formamidine Amitraz as a Hyperglycemic Alpha-Agonist in Worker Honeybees (Apis Mellifera Mellifera L.) in Vivo.\" Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 2, no. 2 (1989): 106-14.","reference_year":"1989","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Phentolamine"},{"pesticide_name":"Phosmet","cas":"0732-11-6","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.37","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.22","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"48","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Megachile","species":"Megachile rotundata","species_details":"Megachile rotundata","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Declines in the number of adult males, nesting females and progeny production- decreased nesting activity","original_reference":"Alston, D. G., V. J. Tepedino, B. A. Bradley, T. R. Toler, T. L. Griswold, and S. M. Messinger. \"Effects of the Insecticide Phosmet on Solitary Bee Foraging and Nesting in Orchards of Capitol Reef National Park, Utah.\" Environmental Entomology 36, no. 4 (Aug 2007): 811-16.","reference_year":"2007","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Phosmet"},{"pesticide_name":"Propachlor","cas":"1918-16-7","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC K3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC K3","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"197","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Propachlor"},{"pesticide_name":"Propiconazole","cas":"60207-90-1","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 3 (G1)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.2","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"1.2","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"0.012","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"240","time_of_significant_effect":"240","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"50","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis cerana","species_details":"Apis cerana cerana","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Body development","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduced weight of newly emerged bees","original_reference":"Han, W., Y. 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Zhong. \"Chronic Toxicity and Biochemical Response of Apis Cerana Cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Exposed to Acetamiprid and Propiconazole Alone or Combined.\" Ecotoxicology  (2019).","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Propiconazole"},{"pesticide_name":"Pyrimethanil","cas":"53112-28-0","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC D","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 9 (D1)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Pyrimethanil"},{"pesticide_name":"Resmethrin, trans","cas":"10453-86-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.063","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Resmethrin--trans"},{"pesticide_name":"Spinosyn A","cas":"131929-60-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 5","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 5","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Spinosyn-A"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"7.5","loael_unit_measure":"nM","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"24","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"30","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of sucrose responsiveness","original_reference":"Démares, Fabien J., Christian WW Pirk, Susan W. 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M., S. J. Willis, and G. A. 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Nicolson, and Hannelie Human. 2018. “Neonicotinoids Decrease Sucrose Responsiveness of Honey Bees at First Contact.” Journal of Insect Physiology 108: 25–30.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thiamethoxam"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiodicarb","cas":"59669-26-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1A","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.153","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"3.1","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"6","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis dorsata","species_details":"Apis dorsata","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Inhibition of AChE activity","original_reference":"Rathee, N., Kanchesh, S. Deswal, and K. S. 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I., H. M. Nasr, and M. E. I. Badawy. 2010. \"Toxic Effect and Biochemical Study of Chlorfluazuron, Oxymatrine, and Spinosad on Honey Bees (Apis mellifera).\"  Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58 (3):722-732. doi: 10.1007/s00244-009-9403-y.","reference_year":"2010","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Spinosad"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"30","loael_unit_measure":"ppb","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates and proteins","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution and pollen","feed_type_concentration":"30","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Bombus","species":"Bombus impatiens","species_details":"Bombus impatiens","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Slower at visiting flowers, slower to access the flowers","original_reference":"Morandin, Lora A., and Mark L. Winston. 2003. “Effects of Novel Pesticides on Bumble Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colony Health and Foraging Ability.” Environmental Entomology 32 (3): 555–563.","reference_year":"2003","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Imidacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Imidacloprid","cas":"138261-41-3","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.0037","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.081","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox| 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R. Dixon, S. E. Fahrbach, and O. Rueppell. 2014. \"Xenobiotic Effects on Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation in Adult Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L) Workers.\"  Plos One 9 (3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091180.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Methoxyfenozide"},{"pesticide_name":"Myclobutanil","cas":"88671-89-0","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC G","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 3 (G1)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"4","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"33.9","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"33.9","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"1.085","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"1.085","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"0.0320059","sub_tr_category":"<0.1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"3","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis cerana","species_details":"Apis cerana cerana","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Muscle activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Reduction of the respiration rate","original_reference":"Han, W. S., Y. J. Wang, J. L. Gao, S. J. Wang, S. Zhao, J. F. Liu, Y. H. Zhong, and D. X. Zhao. \"Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Myclobutanil on Respiration, Flight and Detoxification Enzymes in Apis Cerana Cerana.\" Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 147 (May 2018): 133-38.","reference_year":"2018","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Myclobutanil"},{"pesticide_name":"Isoproturon","cas":"34123-59-6","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC C2","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC C2","survey_inclusion_name":"Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"195","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Isoproturon"},{"pesticide_name":"Metamitron","cas":"41394-05-02","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC C1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC C1","survey_inclusion_name":"Porrini et al., 2016, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"1","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"97.2","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Metamitron"},{"pesticide_name":"Oxalic Acid","cas":"144-62-7","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":"64.6","loael_unit_measure":"μg/larva","loael_ug_bee":"64.6","loael_category":"≥1","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Contact","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of specific activity of GST","original_reference":"Sabová, Lucia, Anna Sobeková, Martin Staroň, Rastislav Sabo, Jaroslav Legáth, Dana Staroňová, Ľuboslava Lohajová, and Peter Javorský. 2019. \"Toxicity of oxalic acid and impact on some antioxidant enzymes on in vitro–reared honeybee larvae.\"  Environmental Science and Pollution Research. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05247-2.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Oxalic-Acid"},{"pesticide_name":"Paraquat","cas":"4685-14-7","pesticide_type":"Herbicide","mode_of_action_short":"HRAC D","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"HRAC D","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"9.06","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"9.26","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"10","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Changes in fat cells","original_reference":"Rukhosh, J. R., M. A. Abdulbast, and T. M. Talal. 2019. \"TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THREE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ON DIFFERENT HONEY BEE RACES (APIS MELLIFERA L.) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE).\"  Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17 (2):5043-5057. doi: 10.15666/aeer/1702_50435057.","reference_year":"2019","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Paraquat"},{"pesticide_name":"Phosalone","cas":"2310-17-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 1","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 1B","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"102","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"4.4","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"1200","loael_unit_measure":"g/ha","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Adults","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Gradual reduction in foraging activity","original_reference":"Shires, Stephen W., Andrew Murray, Phillippe Debray, and Jean Le Blanc. 1984. “The Effects of a New Pyrethroid Insecticide WL-85871 on Foraging Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.).” Pesticide Science 15 (5): 491–499.","reference_year":"1984","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Phosalone"},{"pesticide_name":"Polyethoxylated nonylphenol","cas":"25154-52-3","pesticide_type":"NA","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"None","screened_in_survey":"0","number_of_surveys_screening":"0","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Osmia and Megachile","species":"Multiple non-Apis","species_details":"Osmia lignaria, Megachile rotundata","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Pollen-collecting trip time increased for Osmia lignaria and decreased for Megachile rotundata","original_reference":"Artz, D. R., and T. L. Pitts-Singer. \"Effects of Fungicide and Adjuvant Sprays on Nesting Behavior in Two Managed Solitary Bees, Osmia Lignaria and Megachile Rotundata.\" Plos One 10, no. 8 (Aug 2015).","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Polyethoxylated-nonylphenol"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiacloprid","cas":"111988-49-9","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"5","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"17.32","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"38.82","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"0.02","loael_unit_measure":"mM","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"312","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"Carbohydrates","feed_type_subcategory":"Sugar solution","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Feeding","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of foraging span of honey bees foraging at the treated field, decrease of sugar consumption, decrease of the number of foraging trips per dat and decrease of waggle dances (impairment of social communication)","original_reference":"Tison, Léa. 2017. “Neonicotinoid Insecticides Impair Foraging Behavior, Navigation, Learning, and Memory in Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera).” PhD Thesis.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thiacloprid"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiamethoxam","cas":"153719-23-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00561694","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.01704113","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.001","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.001","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.178032879","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Chronic","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"288","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Decrease of responsiveness to antennal sucrose stimulation","original_reference":"Aliouane, Y., A. K. El Hassani, V. Gary, C. Armengaud, M. Lambin, and M. 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Decourtye, M. Henry, G. Rodet, J. C. Sandoz, P. Charnet, and C. Collet. \"A Locomotor Deficit Induced by Sublethal Doses of Pyrethroid and Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Honeybee Apis Mellifera.\" PLoS One 10, no. 12 (Dec 2015): e0144879.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Tetramethrin"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiamethoxam","cas":"153719-23-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00561694","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.01704113","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.000048","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.000048","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"0.008545578","sub_tr_category":"<0.01","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Cognitive","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Learning and memory","sublethal _effect_details":"Lower learning acquisition and short-term retention ability.","original_reference":"Ma, C., Y. Zhang, J. Sun, M. Imran, H. Yang, J. Wu, Y. Zou, H. Li-Byarlay, and S. 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Colgan, Yannick Wurm, and Richard J. 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Smith, and Nigel E. Raine. 2015. “Bumblebee Learning and Memory Is Impaired by Chronic Exposure to a Neonicotinoid Pesticide.” Scientific Reports 5 (November): 16508.","reference_year":"2015","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thiamethoxam"},{"pesticide_name":"Thymol","cas":"89-83-8","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"NA","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"NA","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"2","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"200","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":"50","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Alteration of vitellogenin expression patterns","original_reference":"Charpentier G, Vidau C, Ferdy JB, Tabart J, Vetillard A. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of thymol on honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae reared in vitro. Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70: 140–7.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"Tihelka, E. \"Effects of Synthetic and Organic Varroacides on Honey Bee Health: A Review.\" Slovenian Veterinary Research 55, no. 3 (2018): 119-40.","pesticide_id":"Thymol"},{"pesticide_name":"Tau-fluvalinate","cas":"102851-06-9","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"6","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"12.6","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"12","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"100","loael_unit_measure":"ppm","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Alters the expression of some genes related to detoxification, Behaviouralmaturation, immunity","original_reference":"Schmehl DR, Teal PE, Frazier JL, Grozinger CM. Genomic analysis of the interaction between pesticide exposure and nutrition in honey bees (Apis mellifera). J Insect Physiol 2014; 71: 177–90.","reference_year":"2014","review_reference":"Tihelka, E. \"Effects of Synthetic and Organic Varroacides on Honey Bee Health: A Review.\" Slovenian Veterinary Research 55, no. 3 (2018): 119-40.","pesticide_id":"Tau-fluvalinate"},{"pesticide_name":"Cyazofamid","cas":"120116-88-3","pesticide_type":"Fungicide","mode_of_action_short":"FRAC C","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"FRAC 11 (C3)","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Porrini et al., 2016, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"151.7","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"100","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"","species":"","species_details":"","sublethal _effect_category":"","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"","sublethal _effect_details":"","original_reference":"","reference_year":"","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Cyazofamid"},{"pesticide_name":"Tetramethrin","cas":"7696-12-0","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 3","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 3A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Pacific North West, Poshbee H2020, ","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"3","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"oral_ld50_source":"","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":null,"contact_ld50_source":"","loael_all_units":null,"loael_unit_measure":"","loael_ug_bee":null,"loael_category":"","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":" Accelerated cumulative inactivation of the sodium current peak in a similar manner, unexpected decrease in the tail current in sodium channels","original_reference":"Kadala, A., M. Charreton, I. Jakob, T. Cens, M. Rousset, M. Chahine, Y. L. Conte, P. Charnet, and C. 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Raine. 2016. “Chronic Exposure to a Neonicotinoid Pesticide Alters the Interactions between Bumblebees and Wild Plants.” Functional Ecology 30 (7): 1132–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12644.","reference_year":"2016","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thiamethoxam"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiamethoxam","cas":"153719-23-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00561694","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.01704113","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.0000003","loael_unit_measure":"μg/larva","loael_ug_bee":"0.0000003","loael_category":"<0.0001","sub_tr":"","sub_tr_category":"","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"Larvae","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Physiological","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Biochemical","sublethal _effect_details":"Increase of Acetylcholiesterase activity at all developmental stages, increase of glutathion S transferase and carboxylesterase para activities at pupal stage","original_reference":"Tavares, D. A., C. Dussaubat, A. Kretzschmar, S. M. Carvalho, E. C. M. Silva-Zacarin, O. Malaspina, G. Bérail, J. L. Brunet, and L. P. Belzunces. \"Exposure of Larvae to Thiamethoxam Affects the Survival and Physiology of the Honey Bee at Post-Embryonic Stages.\" Environmental Pollution 229 (2017): 386-93.","reference_year":"2017","review_reference":"","pesticide_id":"Thiamethoxam"},{"pesticide_name":"Thiamethoxam","cas":"153719-23-4","pesticide_type":"Insecticide","mode_of_action_short":"IRAC 4","mode_of_action_classification_site_targe":"IRAC 4A","survey_inclusion_name":"APHIS, Calatayud-Vernich et al., 2018, EURL, Pacific North West, Porrini et al., 2016, Poshbee H2020, Tosi et al., 2018","screened_in_survey":"1","number_of_surveys_screening":"7","oral_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.00561694","oral_ld50_source":"PPDB|OpenFoodTox","contact_ld50_geometric_mean":"0.01704113","contact_ld50_source":"PPDB| OpenFoodTox","loael_all_units":"0.00134","loael_unit_measure":"μg/bee","loael_ug_bee":"0.00134","loael_category":"<0.01","sub_tr":"0.238564058","sub_tr_category":"<1","exposure_type_oral_contact":"Oral","exposure_type_acute_chronic":"Acute\n","exposure_duration":"","time_of_significant_effect":"0.5","main_feed_type_category":"","feed_type_subcategory":"","feed_type_concentration":"","bee_type":"","genus":"Apis","species":"Apis mellifera","species_details":"Apis mellifera","sublethal _effect_category":"Behavioural","sublethal _effect_subcategory":"Activity","sublethal _effect_details":"Increased flight duration and distance, \"Hyperactivity (increase velocity, time moving),  increase of falls and time bottom, decrease of time top, and increased inability to ascend, increased movement to light\n\"\n","original_reference":"Tosi, S., G. 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D. Garratt, Jennifer B. Wickens, Victoria J. Wickens, Simon G. Potts, and Nigel E. 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